Plant Gene and Trait 2024, Vol.15, No.5, 265-274 http://genbreedpublisher.com/index.php/pgt 267 Figure 1 Morphological changes of R and H, an overview of RNA-seq data, and validation of DEGs expression pattern in R and H under 0.4% NaCl stress (Adopted from Abid et al., 2020) Image caption: (A) Morphological changes of R and H in (i) leaves and (ii) roots. (B) Overview of RNA-seq data (i) expression-dependent heatmap of samples obtained from R and H by using data from spearman correlation coefficient analysis. The x-axis and y-axis represents samples taken from Av and H under salt stress, (ii) statistics of commonly up-regulated genes in R and H, (iii) statistics of up-regulated and down-regulated DEGs in roots, and (iv) validation of RNA-seq data by RT-qPCR analysis. (C) GO terms and KEGG enrichment analysis of up-regulated genes in R4 vs H4. (i) GO terms enrichment analysis. The x-axis represents enriched GO terms and y-axis represents the number of up-regulated genes in a particular GO term. The red columns are for GO terms under biological process, the Green color represents GO terms under cellular components and the blue color stands for GO terms in molecular function. (ii) KEGG enrichment analysis. Vertical columns represent enriched pathways and horizontal columns are for annotated genes. R, Actinidia valvata; H, A. deliciosa; h, hours (Adopted from Abid et al., 2020) Through these conventional methods, several stress-tolerant kiwifruit varieties have been developed. For example, the ZM-H genotype fromActinidia valvata has shown strong tolerance to salt stress, making it a valuable resource for breeding salt-tolerant rootstocks (Abid et al., 2020). Additionally, the use of drought-tolerant rootstocks like MX1 has improved the drought resistance of grafted kiwifruit cultivars, aiding in sustainable production (Bao et al., 2019). 3.2 Molecular breeding techniques Molecular breeding techniques such as marker-assisted selection (MAS) have been instrumental in accelerating the breeding process for stress tolerance. By identifying and utilizing specific genetic markers associated with stress tolerance traits, breeders can more efficiently select and propagate desirable traits. For example, the
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