Plant Gene and Trait 2024, Vol.15, No.5, 243-252 http://genbreedpublisher.com/index.php/pgt 249 8.3 Long-term mpact: consideration of the long-term effects on biodiversity and ecosystems The long-term environmental impact of transgenic E. ulmoides on biodiversity and ecosystems requires careful consideration. The introduction of transgenic plants with enhanced traits, such as improved growth and stress tolerance, could alter the dynamics of local plant communities and affect the associated fauna. For instance, the overexpression of aquaporin genes in E. ulmoides has been shown to improve plant growth and stress tolerance, which could lead to changes in plant competition and resource allocation in natural ecosystems (Chen et al., 2022a). Additionally, the potential accumulation of transgene products in the soil and their effects on soil microbiota and nutrient cycling need to be investigated (Powell et al., 2009; Liu, 2010). Long-term field studies and ecological modeling can provide valuable insights into the potential impacts of transgenic E. ulmoides on ecosystem functions and services. It is crucial to adopt a precautionary approach and continuously evaluate the environmental consequences of transgenic E. ulmoides to ensure the sustainability of both agricultural and natural ecosystems (Li et al., 2014). 9 Future Directions in Transgenic Eucommia ulmoides Research 9.1 Emerging technologies The development of new genetic engineering tools such as CRISPR/Cas9 and other genome-editing technologies holds significant promise for advancing transgenic research in Eucommia ulmoides. These tools can facilitate precise modifications in the genome, enabling the introduction of desirable traits such as enhanced drought and salt tolerance. For instance, the overexpression of aquaporin genes like EuPIP1;2 has already demonstrated improved stress tolerance in transgenic tobacco, suggesting similar applications could be beneficial in E. ulmoides (Chen et al., 2022b). Additionally, the high-quality de novo assembly of the E. ulmoides genome provides a robust framework for identifying target genes and understanding their functions, which can be leveraged for more effective genetic modifications (Jain, 2015; Li et al., 2020). For example, taking the EuFLC(Flowering Locus C) gene as the target, a CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing system for Eucommia ulmoides has been established. 9.2 Integrative approach Integrating traditional breeding methods with modern biotechnological approaches can significantly enhance the genetic improvement of E. ulmoides. Molecular marker technologies, such as those used in updating the genetic linkage map and QTL analysis for growth traits, can elucidate the genetic mechanisms underlying important traits and improve breeding efficiency (Jin et al., 2020). By combining these insights with genetic engineering techniques, it is possible to accelerate the development of E. ulmoides varieties with superior industrial traits. For example, the overexpression of aquaporin genes like EuPIP1;1 in Arabidopsis has shown to promote growth and stress tolerance, indicating potential pathways for similar enhancements in E. ulmoides. 9.3 Sustainable development goals Aligning the development of transgenic E. ulmoides with global sustainability initiatives is crucial for ensuring that biotechnological advancements contribute to broader environmental and social goals. The enhanced stress tolerance conferred by genes such as EuPIP1;2 and EuPIP1;1 can lead to more resilient crops that require fewer resources, thereby supporting sustainable agricultural practices (Chen et al., 2022a). Furthermore, the high-quality genome assembly of E. ulmoides can aid in the development of varieties that are not only more productive but also more environmentally friendly, by optimizing rubber biosynthesis pathways and reducing reliance on traditional rubber sources. These efforts can contribute to achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) related to responsible consumption and production, climate action, and life on land (Wuyun et al., 2017). 10 Concluding Remarks This study explores the major advancements in transgenic Eucommia ulmoides research in recent years. Gene editing technologies have provided powerful tools for the precise modification of the Eucommia ulmoides genome, making it possible to introduce key industrial traits such as enhanced rubber biosynthesis, drought tolerance, and salt tolerance. Additionally, high-quality genome assembly and related genetic linkage maps and QTL analyses have revealed the genetic basis associated with growth, economic traits, and secondary metabolites, offering
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