Plant Gene and Traits 2024, Vol.15, No.4, 162-173 http://genbreedpublisher.com/index.php/pgt 164 2.2 Impact on rice cultivation The presence of weedy rice in rice fields can lead to significant yield losses due to its competitive nature. Weedy rice competes with cultivated rice for resources such as light, nutrients, and water, often resulting in reduced crop yields. Additionally, weedy rice can cause contamination of harvested rice, leading to economic losses. The introgression of weedy rice genes into cultivated rice can also result in the emergence of feral rice populations that possess both weedy and cultivated traits, further complicating management efforts (Zhang et al., 2018). The transfer of herbicide resistance from transgenic rice to weedy rice is another concern, as it can lead to the development of herbicide-resistant weedy rice populations, making control even more challenging (Zhang et al., 2003; Cromwell et al., 2005; Lu et al., 2014). 2.3 Management strategies Managing weedy rice requires a multifaceted approach that includes both cultural and chemical control methods. Traditional transplanting methods have been effective in controlling weedy rice, but the shift to direct seeding has necessitated the development of new strategies. The use of herbicide-resistant rice varieties, such as those resistant to glufosinate, has been explored as a potential solution. However, the risk of gene flow from transgenic rice to weedy rice necessitates careful management to prevent the development of herbicide-resistant weedy rice populations (Zhang et al., 2003; Chen et al., 2004; Song et al., 2011; Lu et al., 2014). Strategies such as crop rotation, the use of multiple herbicides, and the development of dual herbicide-tolerant crops (Figure 3) are recommended to mitigate the risk of resistance development and ensure sustainable weed management (Gressel and Valverde, 2009; Fartyal et al., 2018). Additionally, the use of mitigation genes that render hybrids with weedy rice unfit to compete has been proposed as a way to contain herbicide resistance within the crop. Figure 3 Analyzing the dual herbicide tolerance of transgenic plants (Adopted from Fartyal et al., 2018) Image caption: (A) Transgenic plants were sprayed with 300 μM BM after 7 days of application of 2% basta. No phenological symptoms of leaf injury was recorded in transgenic lines, while the wt (+) plants died shortly even before the application of BM. (B) Effects of transgene integration and dual herbicide applications on the yield of transgenic lines. (C) Yield analysis of number of the seeds per panicle of transgenic (after herbicide application) and wt (−) plants. No significant differences were observed between the wt (+) and transgenic plants (Adopted from Fartyal et al., 2018)
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