Plant Gene and Traits 2024, Vol.15, No.4, 184-194 http://genbreedpublisher.com/index.php/pgt 191 2020). Furthermore, the ethical and regulatory considerations surrounding the use of genome editing technologies in agriculture must be carefully addressed to ensure their safe and responsible application (Li et al., 2021). By overcoming these challenges, the prospects for future research in Oryza genomics are promising, with the potential to significantly enhance rice breeding and production. 8 Concluding Remarks Molecular markers have proven to be invaluable tools in the classification and phylogenetic analysis of Oryza species. Techniques such as AFLP, ISSR, RAPD, and SSR have been extensively utilized to unravel the genetic relationships and evolutionary pathways within the genus Oryza. AFLP markers, for instance, have demonstrated the polyphyletic nature of Oryza evolution, revealing multiple independent lineages diverging from a common ancestor. Similarly, ISSR markers have provided insights into the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships among various Oryza species, highlighting the distinctiveness of species like Oryza brachyantha and Oryza australiensis. The use of multiple marker systems, including RAPDs, ISSRs, and SSRs, has further elucidated the genomic differentiation between wild and cultivated species, as well as between diploid and tetraploid genomes within the genus. These molecular markers not only facilitate the accurate classification of Oryza species but also enhance our understanding of their evolutionary history and genetic diversity, which is crucial for conservation and breeding programs. The application of molecular markers in Oryza research holds promising potential for further advancements in species classification, phylogenetic studies, and genetic resource management. The development of new marker systems, such as INDEL markers, offers rapid and reliable discrimination of genome types, which can significantly improve the identification and conservation of wild Oryza species. Additionally, the integration of high-throughput sequencing technologies and phylogenomics approaches can provide more comprehensive and accurate phylogenetic reconstructions, as demonstrated by the use of nuclear genes and intergenic regions to resolve the phylogeny of AA-genome species. The continued exploration of genetic diversity through molecular markers will also aid in the discovery of novel alleles and haplotypes, which are essential for crop improvement and disease resistance. As the field progresses, the combination of traditional molecular markers with advanced genomic tools will undoubtedly enhance our ability to study and utilize the genetic wealth of the Oryza genus, ultimately contributing to sustainable agriculture and food security. Acknowledgments I would like to thank Professor Lee for his invaluable guidance, insightful suggestions, and continuous support throughout the development of this study. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The author affirms that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Adli M., 2018, The CRISPR tool kit for genome editing and beyond, Nature Communications, 9: 1911. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-04252-2 PMid:29765029 PMCid:PMC5953931 Brondani C., Rangel P., Borba T., and Brondani R., 2003, Transferability of microsatellite and sequence tagged site markers in Oryza species, Hereditas, 138(3): 187-192. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1601-5223.2003.01656.x PMid:14641482 Cross H., Biffin E., Dijk K., Lowe A., and Waycott M., 2016, Effective application of next-generation sequencing (NGS) approaches in systematics and population genetics: case studies in Eucalyptus and Acacia, Australian Systematic Botany, 29: 235-246. https://doi.org/10.1071/SB16019
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