Plant Gene and Traits 2024, Vol.15, No.3, 141-151 http://genbreedpublisher.com/index.php/pgt 146 Figure 3 Molecular identification of OsSNBtransgenic plants (Adopted from Ma et al., 2019) Image caption: (A) The structure of OsSNB. (B) The knockout mutant plants were obtained by CRISPR/Cas 9 technology. (C) Relative expression levels of OsSNB in transgenic plants. WT: wildtype; OE1, OE2: overexpression lines; KO1-1, KO1-2, KO2: knockout mutant lines. (D) Phenotypes of transgenic rice plants and WT plants (Adopted from Ma et al., 2019) 5.3 Bioinformatics tools for analyzing GS2-related data Bioinformatics tools play a crucial role in analyzing the vast amount of data generated from genomic studies of the GS2 gene. Tools for proteomic analysis, such as isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ), have been used to identify differentially expressed proteins in GS3 mutants, revealing key proteins involved in cellular processes and metabolic pathways (Usman et al., 2021). Additionally, bioinformatics approaches have been employed to analyze the genetic variations and allele contributions of multiple genes related to grain size. For instance, insertion/deletion (InDel) markers have been used to study the genetic diversity and marker-trait associations in rice germplasm, providing insights into the genetic regulation of grain size and weight (Yan et al., 2023). These bioinformatics tools are essential for integrating and interpreting complex datasets, thereby advancing our understanding of the genetic mechanisms underlying grain size regulation. In summary, the integration of genetic engineering, advanced genomic sequencing techniques, and bioinformatics tools has significantly advanced the study of the GS2 gene and its role in rice yield improvement. These technological advances provide powerful means to dissect the genetic architecture of grain size and develop high-yielding rice varieties through precise genetic modifications (Wang et al., 2021). 6 Breeding Strategies Involving the GS2 Gene 6.1 Incorporating GS2 insights into conventional breeding programs The GS2 gene has been identified as a significant regulator of grain size and weight in rice, making it a valuable target for conventional breeding programs. Studies have shown that GS2, along with other genes such as GS3, GW8, and GL7, plays a crucial role in determining grain length, width, and thickness, which are key traits for improving rice yield and quality (Zhong et al., 2019). By selecting rice varieties that exhibit favorable alleles of
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