Plant Gene and Traits 2024, Vol.15, No.3, 129-140 http://genbreedpublisher.com/index.php/pgt 137 emphasizing the complexity of the germination process. Additionally, the role of MYB-type transcription factors in regulating seed germination under stress conditions was demonstrated in rice, providing insights into the genetic control of this process. This study significantly advances our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying pine seed germination, which is crucial for both basic biology and practical forestry applications. By identifying key genes and pathways involved in germination, this research provides a foundation for improving seed germination rates and seedling establishment in pine species. The findings on the distinct expression profiles of mature and germinated pollen, as well as the role of transcription factors in stress responses, offer valuable insights for breeding programs aimed at enhancing the resilience and productivity of pine forests. Furthermore, the identification of regulatory networks and metabolic pathways involved in seed germination can inform strategies for managing pine forests under changing environmental conditions. Future research should focus on further elucidating the complex regulatory networks and interactions between different genes and pathways involved in pine seed germination. Studies employing advanced techniques such as CRISPR/Cas9 for gene editing and single-cell RNA sequencing could provide deeper insights into the specific roles of individual genes and their regulatory mechanisms. Additionally, exploring the effects of environmental factors such as temperature, moisture, and soil composition on gene expression during germination could help develop more effective forestry management practices. Practical applications of this research include the development of genetically modified pine varieties with enhanced germination rates and stress tolerance. These varieties could be particularly valuable in reforestation efforts and in establishing pine plantations in areas with challenging environmental conditions. Moreover, the insights gained from this study could inform the development of seed treatments and other agronomic practices aimed at improving seedling establishment and growth in pine forests. By integrating these findings into forestry management and breeding programs, we can enhance the sustainability and productivity of pine forests, contributing to both ecological conservation and economic development. Acknowledgments The authors extends the sincere thanks to two anonymous peer reviewers for their invaluable feedback on the manuscript of this paper. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Alakärppä E., Salo H., Valledor L., Cañal M., Häggman H., and Vuosku J., 2018, Natural variation of DNA methylation and gene expression may determine local adaptations of Scots pine populations, Journal of Experimental Botany, 69(21): 5293-5305. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ery292 PMid:30113688 Bogamuwa S., and Jang J., 2013, The Arabidopsis tandem CCCH zinc finger proteins AtTZF4, 5 and 6 are involved in light-, abscisic acid- and gibberellic acid-mediated regulation of seed germination, Plant, Cell & Environment, 36(8): 1507-1519. https://doi.org/10.1111/pce.12084 Cañas R.A., Li Z., Pascual M.B., Castro‐Rodríguez V., Ávila C., Sterck L., de Peer Y.V., and Cánovas F.M., 2017, The gene expression landscape of pine seedling tissues, The Plant Journal, 91(6): 1064-1087. https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.13617 PMid:28635135 Chen X., Chen H., Shen T., Luo Q., Xu M., and Yang Z., 2023, The miRNA-mRNA regulatory modules of Pinus massoniana Lamb. in response to drought stress, International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(19): 14655. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241914655 PMid:37834103 PMCid:PMC10572226
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