Plant Gene and Traits 2024, Vol.15, No.3, 129-140 http://genbreedpublisher.com/index.php/pgt 132 4 Case Studies: Gene Expression Profiles in Pine Seeds 4.1 Detailed analysis of specific gene expression studies Several studies have provided insights into the gene expression profiles in pine seeds, focusing on different aspects of seed development and germination. For instance, a comprehensive transcriptomic analysis of 14 different tissues from 1-month-old maritime pine (Pinus pinaster) seedlings (Figure 2) identified 39 841 new transcripts, with 2 376 ubiquitously expressed across all tissues, suggesting these as core 'housekeeping genes' in pine (Cañas et al., 2017). Another study on loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) identified genes associated with pollen germination, highlighting the roles of cell wall degradation, biosynthesis, and remodeling, as well as stress and defense responses (Salazar and Fernando, 2019). These findings underscore the complexity and specificity of gene expression during different stages of pine seed development and germination. Figure 2 Diagram and histological sections showing the tissues isolated using laser capture microdissection (LCM) (Adopted from Cañas et al., 2017) The research of Cañas et al. (2017) illustrates various tissues isolated from a plant using laser capture microdissection (LCM). The central image shows the plant's anatomy, with arrows pointing to specific sections where tissue samples were taken for histological analysis. Key areas sampled include the apical meristem (AM), young needles mesophyll (YNM) and vascular (YNV) tissues, cotyledon mesophyll (CM) and vascular (CV) tissues, emerging needles (EN), and various parts of the hypocotyl and root. Each inset image shows a magnified view of the isolated tissues, highlighting their cellular structures. For example, the apical meristem is essential for plant growth, containing undifferentiated cells that give rise to new tissues. The young needles' mesophyll and vascular tissues are crucial for photosynthesis and nutrient transport, respectively. Similarly, the root meristem (RM) is vital for root growth and development, while the root cortex (RC) and vascular (RV) tissues support nutrient absorption and transport. This detailed mapping and histological analysis enable a deeper understanding of plant development and cellular function, providing insights into the complex processes governing plant growth and adaptation.
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