Plant Gene and Trait 2024, Vol.15, No.2, 97-107 http://genbreedpublisher.com/index.php/pgt 99 managing gene flow and ensuring the stability of asexual reproduction (Elorriaga et al., 2021). The EgCCR1 gene plays a pivotal role in lignin biosynthesis, which is vital for the structural integrity of the plant, thereby supporting the overall health and viability of asexually reproduced plants (Plasencia et al., 2016). 3.3 Techniques used to study gene function inEucalyptus Several advanced techniques have been employed to study the function of these key genes in Eucalyptus. Transcriptome sequencing was used to compare the gene expression profiles between differentiated and dedifferentiated tissues, allowing for the identification of DEGs involved in somatic embryogenesis (Xiao et al., 2020). CRISPR-Cas9 technology was utilized to create targeted mutations in the ELFY gene, providing insights into its role in floral development and reproductive processes (Elorriaga et al., 2021). Additionally, the development of Eucalyptus hairy roots as a model system has enabled medium-throughput functional studies, including gene expression analysis through RT-qPCR, promoter expression studies, and the modulation of endogenous gene expression (Plasencia et al., 2016). These techniques collectively contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the genetic mechanisms underlying asexual reproduction inEucalyptus. 4 Case Studies: Eucalyptus Gene Function and Asexual Reproduction 4.1 Detailed analysis of specific genes and their impact on propagation In the study of Eucalyptus asexual reproduction, specific genes play crucial roles in the process of somatic embryogenesis (SE). Transcriptome analysis of Eucalyptus species, such as E. camaldulensis and E. grandis × urophylla, has identified a significant number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) during the dedifferentiation process (Figure 1), which is a key step for plant cells to become meristematic. For instance, in E. camaldulensis, 2 003 up-regulated and 1 958 down-regulated genes were identified, including genes related to somatic embryogenesis receptor kinase, ethylene, auxin, ribosomal proteins, zinc finger proteins, heat shock proteins, histones, cell wall-related proteins, and transcription factors (Xiao et al., 2020). These findings highlight the complex molecular changes that occur during SE and provide a valuable resource for understanding the genetic basis of asexual reproduction in Eucalyptus. 4.2 Success stories of genetic manipulation enhancing asexual reproduction Genetic manipulation has shown promise in enhancing asexual reproduction in Eucalyptus. By targeting specific genes identified through transcriptome analysis, researchers have been able to improve the efficiency of somatic embryogenesis. For example, the up-regulation of genes such as somatic embryogenesis receptor kinase and ethylene-related genes has been associated with higher embryogenetic potential in E. camaldulensis compared to E. grandis × urophylla (Figure 2) (Xiao et al., 2020). These genetic modifications have led to more successful and efficient propagation methods, which are crucial for commercial applications in forestry and bioenergy production. 4.3 Comparative analysis with other species Comparative analysis of gene function in Eucalyptus with other species provides insights into the unique aspects of its asexual reproduction. The expansion of protein domains, particularly those related to reproduction and biotic and abiotic interactions, has been a key feature in the adaptive radiation of Eucalyptus. Tandem duplication of genes has facilitated tissue-specific expression and subfunctionalization, which are critical for the specialization of reproductive functions in Eucalyptus (Kersting et al., 2015). This contrasts with other species where different mechanisms may be at play, highlighting the unique evolutionary pathways that Eucalyptus has taken to optimize its reproductive strategies. In summary, the detailed analysis of specific genes, success stories of genetic manipulation, and comparative studies with other species underscore the complexity and uniqueness of asexual reproduction in Eucalyptus. These insights not only enhance our understanding of Eucalyptus biology but also pave the way for improved propagation techniques that can benefit commercial forestry and bioenergy sectors.
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