Plant Gene and Trait 2024, Vol.15, No.2, 73-84 http://genbreedpublisher.com/index.php/pgt 79 highlighting the need for careful consideration of the genetic background when incorporating DEP1 into breeding programs (Yi et al., 2011). Additionally, the erect panicle architecture, while beneficial for yield, can lead to increased chalkiness in grains, which is less desirable in the market (Mao et al., 2021). 6.3 Future prospects for breeding programs focusing onDEP1 The future of DEP1-based breeding programs lies in addressing the current challenges and leveraging new technologies to enhance both yield and quality. One promising approach is the use of advanced genetic tools, such as CRISPR/Cas9, to create precise modifications in the DEP1 gene and its associated pathways. This can help in developing rice varieties with optimized panicle architecture and improved grain quality (Mao et al., 2021). Furthermore, integrating DEP1 with other beneficial genes, such as those involved in nitrogen use efficiency and lodging resistance, can lead to the development of rice varieties that are not only high-yielding but also resilient to environmental stresses (Zhao et al., 2017). The combination of DEP1 with genes that enhance canopy structure and light penetration can further improve the overall productivity of rice populations (Fei et al., 2019). In conclusion, while there are challenges in DEP1-based breeding programs, the potential benefits in terms of yield and quality make it a valuable target for future research and development. By addressing the genetic diversity and quality trade-offs, and utilizing advanced genetic tools, breeding programs can continue to make significant strides in improving rice production. 7 Impact of DEP1 Research on Rice Agriculture 7.1 Enhancements in grain yield and quality Research on the DEP1 locus has significantly contributed to the enhancement of grain yield and quality in rice. The dominant allele at the DEP1 locus, a gain-of-function mutation, has been shown to increase meristematic activity, resulting in a reduced length of the inflorescence internode and an increased number of grains per panicle, thereby boosting grain yield (Huang et al., 2009). This allele is prevalent in many high-yielding Chinese rice varieties and has been a key factor in their success. Additionally, variations in the DEP1 gene have been linked to the diversity of panicle traits in high-yielding japonica rice varieties, further emphasizing its role in improving rice yield (Zhao et al., 2016). The integration of DEP1 with other grain shape genes has also been explored to enhance both yield and appearance quality, demonstrating the gene's versatility in rice breeding programs (Figure 2) (Mao et al., 2021). Mao et al. (2021) studied the comparison of grain shape and related impact factors between YF47dep1 (WT) and near-isogenic lines (NILs). The results showed that the DEP1 gene significantly affects grain length and width, with significantly increased levels of IAA and BR in the NILs. These findings indicate that the overexpression of the DEP1 gene significantly impacts rice grain shape, cell structure, and hormone levels, thereby enhancing rice yield and quality. This study reveals the potential of the DEP1 gene in rice breeding, providing new insights for improving rice production. 7.2 Implications for global rice production and food security The advancements in understanding and utilizing the DEP1 locus have profound implications for global rice production and food security. By increasing the grain yield per plant, DEP1-enhanced varieties can contribute to higher overall rice production, which is crucial for meeting the food demands of a growing global population. The introduction of DEP1 into various rice cultivars has shown promise in improving yield potential, which is essential for food security, especially in regions heavily dependent on rice as a staple food (Huang et al., 2009; Zhao et al., 2016). Furthermore, the ability to combine DEP1 with other high-yielding alleles, such as those affecting panicle architecture and seed size, offers a strategic approach to developing rice varieties that can sustain higher productivity under diverse agricultural conditions (Miura et al., 2010; Wang et al., 2017).
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