Plant Gene and Trait 2024, Vol.15, No.1, 15-22 http://genbreedpublisher.com/index.php/pgt 20 The GWAS results require further validation and functional studies to identify genes associated with resistance. GWAS can usually identify only a few candidate genes or regions, and further molecular biology experiments are required to verify the functional association between these genes and resistance, which requires significant time and resources and may face technical and methodological challenges (Uffelmann et al., 2021). GWAS is also limited by the quality of genotype data and the collection of phenotypic data, the quality and coverage of genotype data directly affect the reliability of analysis results, and the accuracy and consistency of phenotypic data are also key factors to ensure the success of research. 5.2 The importance of multi-omics data integration Multi-omics data integration plays an important role in crop disease resistance research. With the development of high-throughput techniques such as genome-wide association study, researchers have access to a large amount of genotype and phenotypic data, but analyzing these data alone may not fully reveal the genetic mechanisms of crop disease resistance. Multi-omics data integration can comprehensively consider data at different levels (Choi, 2019), such as genome, transcriptome, proteome, metabolome, etc., so as to more comprehensively understand the formation and regulation mechanism of crop disease resistance. By integrating multiple omics data, researchers can discover correlations between data at different levels and identify key genes and regulatory networks that influence crop disease resistance (Choi, 2019). For example, a gene may not be significantly associated at the genomic level, but may show a distinct difference at the transcriptome or proteome level, and this association may have important implications for crop resistance. Multi-omics data integration can also help researchers discover new biomarkers and provide more accurate markers for molecular breeding of crop disease resistance. 5.3 Application prospect of gene editing technology in disease resistance improvement As a revolutionary genome engineering tool, gene editing technology provides a new approach and possibility for the improvement of crop disease resistance. Through gene editing technology, researchers can accurately edit genes related to disease resistance in crop genome (Zaidi et al., 2018), so as to achieve rapid and accurate improvement of crop disease resistance. One of the biggest advantages of gene editing technology is that it can achieve highly accurate genome modification, which can be precisely edited for specific gene loci, avoiding the time and labor costs of multi-generation mating in traditional breeding methods. By editing genes known to be associated with disease resistance, new varieties with strong resistance can be rapidly bred (Ahmar et al., 2021). Gene editing technology can also help researchers study and understand the molecular mechanisms of crop disease resistance. By editing different gene loci, we can verify the exact contribution of these genes to crop disease resistance and reveal the molecular mechanism of disease resistance. As gene-editing technology continues to develop and improve, researchers believe it will play an increasingly important role in improving crop disease resistance. Through gene editing technology, researchers can more quickly and accurately breed new crop varieties that are more resistant to disease and have higher yields, providing strong support for solving problems such as food security and sustainable agricultural development. 6Outlook With the development and application of genome-wide association study (GWAS), many new advances have been made in the study of genetic mechanisms of crop disease resistance. In the future, as the technology continues to innovate and progress, researchers can expect more GWAS to be carried out in different crops and disease resistance to reveal more resistance-related genes and regulatory networks. With the application of new technologies such as single-cell sequencing and spatial transcriptomics, researchers can better understand the molecular mechanisms of crop resistance, including the expression and regulation of genes at the level of individual cells.
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