Molecular Plant Breeding 2025, Vol.16, No.5, 294-302 http://genbreedpublisher.com/index.php/mpb 300 thereby affecting their pungency, yield and disease resistance. Research has found that water-soluble amino acid fertilizers of different concentrations can all improve the growth and quality of Hangjiao pepper, but the low-concentration treatment (1.8 kg) has the best effect in enhancing capsaicin and protein, etc. This indicates that the dosage and proportion of organic fertilizer need to be finely adjusted to achieve the best effect (Bakpa et al., 2021). Bio-organic fertilizers (such as those containing Trichoderma) can increase the yield and growth performance of Hangjiao pepper by promoting soil enzyme activity and nutrient transformation. However, its effect is affected by soil type and the rate of organic matter decomposition (Liu et al., 2020). 8.2 Research gaps in linking biochemical quality traits with disease resistance At present, there are not many studies on the relationship between the pungency of Hangjiao pepper and its disease resistance. Although organic fertilizer combined with straw can enhance soil microbial diversity and increase disease resistance, the direct relationship mechanism between components such as capsaicin and disease resistance remains unclear. Most studies have focused on yield, quality improvement or changes in soil microorganisms. Systematic analyses of simultaneous changes in quality and disease resistance such as pungency and vitamin C are relatively lacking (Gao et al., 2020; Bakpa et al., 2021). In the future, multi-omics methods will be needed to reveal the connections between these qualities and disease resistance at the molecular and ecological levels. 8.3 Innovations in organic fertilization technology and integrated nutrient management The new technology of organic fertilizer and comprehensive nutrient management are the key directions for improving the quality and disease resistance of Hangjiao pepper. Bio-organic fertilizers with the addition of specific microorganisms can regulate the soil microbial community, improve nutrient utilization efficiency and disease resistance (Liu et al., 2020). For example, organic fertilizers rich in Bacillus subtilis or Trichoderma can promote the proliferation of beneficial bacteria and form a synergistic disease-suppressing effect (Tao et al., 2020). In addition, the combined use of organic fertilizers with various organic substances such as straw and amino acids also helps to make the nutrient supply more stable and comprehensive (Gao et al., 2020; Liu et al., 2020). In the future, efforts should be focused on developing precisely formulated organic fertilizers, screening functional strains, and integrating intelligent nutrient management technology to achieve high-quality and high-disease-resistance goals in the organic cultivation of Hangjiao pepper. Acknowledgments The authors thank Dr. Xiao and Dr. Ma for their comments on the manuscript of this study. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Arce-Rodriguez M., and Ochoa-Alejo N., 2017, An R2R3-MYB transcription factor regulates capsaicinoid biosynthesis, Plant Physiology, 174: 1359-1370. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.17.00506 Aza-González C., Núñez-Palenius H., and Ochoa-Alejo N., 2011, Molecular biology of capsaicinoid biosynthesis in chili pepper (Capsicum spp.), Plant Cell Reports, 30: 695-706. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299-010-0968-8 Bakpa E., Xie J., Zhang J., Han K., Ma Y., and Liu T., 2021, Influence of soil amendment of different concentrations of amino acid water-soluble fertilizer on physiological characteristics, yield and quality of “Hangjiao No.2” chili pepper, PeerJ, 9: e12472. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.12472 Burgos-Valencia E., Echevarría-Machado I., Narváez-Zapata J., and Martínez-Estévez M., 2020, Gene expression related to the capsaicinoids biosynthesis in the Capsicumgenus: molecular and transcriptomic studies, Brazilian Journal of Botany, 43: 201-212. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40415-019-00575-6 Ding W., 2021, Effect of polymerized alkaline conditioning fertilizer on peppers and disease in acid field, Research on World Agricultural Economy, 2(2): 32-36. https://doi.org/10.36956/rwae.v2i2.385
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