Molecular Plant Breeding 2025, Vol.16, No.5, 287-293 http://genbreedpublisher.com/index.php/mpb 292 function verification (Han et al., 2023; Wang et al., 2023; Yao et al., 2023). The combination of molecular tools and conventional breeding methods can enhance efficiency, shorten the cycle and improve the accuracy of new variety breeding. 8.3 Breeding for climate-resilient, dual-purpose cultivars In the face of climate change and diverse application demands, the future goal is to cultivate new varieties of Ginkgo biloba that possess both medicinal and ornamental value as well as climate adaptability. Genetic diversity analysis and the establishment of core germplasm banks can provide abundant genetic resources for the synergistic improvement of stress resistance, medicinal components and ornamental traits (Wang et al., 2023; Yao et al., 2023). By using molecular markers and multi-omics data to screen and aggregate genotypes with stress resistance, high quality and high ornamental value, it is expected to breed newGinkgo biloba varieties that can adapt to different ecological environments and meet diverse market demands (Li et al., 2025). Acknowledgments The authors appreciate the modification suggestions from two anonymous peer reviewers on the manuscript of this study. The authors also thank the group members for their assistance during the research process. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Barker C., and Elston D., 2022, Botanical briefs: ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba), Cutis, 110(1): 30-33. https://doi.org/10.12788/cutis.0559 Biernacka P., Adamska I., and Felisiak K., 2023, The potential of Ginkgo biloba as a source of biologically active compounds-a review of the recent literature and patents, Molecules, 28(10): 3993. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28103993 Guo F., Guo J., El-Kassaby Y., and Wang G., 2023, Genome-wide identification of expansin gene family and their response under hormone exposure in Ginkgo biloba L., International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(6): 5901. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24065901 Guo Y., Gao C., Wang M., Fu F., El-Kassaby Y., Wang T., and Wang G., 2020, Metabolome and transcriptome analyses reveal flavonoids biosynthesis differences in Ginkgo biloba associated with environmental conditions, Industrial Crops and Products, 158: 112963. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2020.112963 Han X., Rong H., Feng Y., Xin Y., Luan X., Zhou Q., Xu M., and Xu L., 2023, Protoplast isolation and transient transformation system for Ginkgo biloba L., Frontiers in Plant Science, 14: 1145754. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2023.1145754 Isah T., 2015, Rethinking Ginkgo biloba L.: medicinal uses and conservation, Pharmacognosy Reviews, 9: 140-148. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-7847.162137 Li F., Hu Y., Jing W., Wang Y., Gao X., and Guo Q., 2025, Cytological, physiological and genotyping-by-sequencing analysis revealing dynamic variation of leaf color in Ginkgo biloba L., Horticulturae, 11(4): 395. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11040395 Li J., Xu W., Zhong Y., Guo J., Wang T., Fu F., and Wang G., 2024, Genome-wide identification and transcription factor regulation of monolignol biosynthetic genes in Ginkgo biloba L., Industrial Crops and Products, 215: 118597. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2024.118597 Liu Y., Xin H., Zhang Y., Che F., Shen N., and Cui Y., 2022, Leaves, seeds and exocarp of Ginkgo biloba L. (Ginkgoaceae): a comprehensive review of traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, resource utilization and toxicity, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 298: 115645. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2022.115645 Ming H., 2001, Hybrid variance of Ginkgo biloba for leaf ornamental, Journal of Zhejiang Forestry Science and Technology, 21(4): 50-51. Mohanta T., Tamboli Y., Zubaidha P., and Ali A., 2014, Phytochemical and medicinal importance of Ginkgo biloba L., Natural Product Research, 28: 746-752. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2013.879303 Noor-E-Tabassum, Das R., Lami M., Chakraborty A., Mitra S., Tallei T., Idroes R., Mohamed A., Hossain M., Dhama K., Mostafa-Hedeab G., and Emran T., 2022, Ginkgo biloba: a treasure of functional phytochemicals with multimedicinal applications, Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2022: 8288818. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/8288818 Sabater-Jara A., Souliman-Youssef S., Novo-Uzal E., Almagro L., Belchí-Navarro S., and Pedreño M., 2013, Biotechnological approaches to enhance the biosynthesis of ginkgolides and bilobalide in Ginkgo biloba, Phytochemistry Reviews, 12: 191-205. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-013-9275-7
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