Molecular Plant Breeding 2025, Vol.16, No.5, 287-293 http://genbreedpublisher.com/index.php/mpb 290 5 Biotechnological Approaches 5.1 Tissue culture, somatic embryogenesis, and micropropagation Tissue culture and somatic embryogenesis provide an important foundation for the rapid reproduction and preservation of superior genotypes of Ginkgo biloba. The cell culture system of Ginkgo biloba has been used to screen and optimize cell lines with high-yield medicinal components. The yield of bioactive substances can be increased by adjusting the culture conditions and inducing differentiation and other methods. Micropropagation technology can also solve problems such as long growth cycle and low propagation efficiency of Ginkgo biloba, providing technical support for large-scale production of high-quality plants and genetic improvement (Sabater-Jara et al., 2013). 5.2 CRISPR/Cas and gene-editing possibilities for trait improvement Although the genome of Ginkgo biloba is large and its genetic transformation system is not yet perfect, progress has been made in recent years. Researchers have established a protoplast isolation and transient expression system, providing a scientific basis for gene function research and gene editing. Efficient protoplast isolation and PEG-mediated transient transformation system make it possible to study subcellular localization, overexpression and protein-protein interaction of genes, providing a technical platform for the application of gene editing tools such as CRISPR/Cas in the improvement of Ginkgo bilobatraits in the future (Han et al., 2023). 5.3 Metabolic engineering for enhanced medicinal compound production The flavonoids and terpene lactones in Ginkgo biloba leaves are the main medicinal components. Through the combined analysis of transcriptome and metabolome, researchers have identified the key genes and transcription factors regulating flavonoid biosynthesis, providing targets for metabolic engineering (Wu et al., 2018; Guo et al., 2020). Meanwhile, optimizing the cell culture system, applying exogenous inducers, and regulating related genes can significantly increase the accumulation of medicinal components in Ginkgo biloba cells (Sabater-Jara et al., 2013). These methods provide new ideas for the sustainable development and high-value utilization of Ginkgo biloba medicinal resources. 6 Case Study: Breeding Program for ImprovedGinkgo biloba 6.1 Selection of high-flavonoid lines and ornamental cultivars Ginkgo biloba is a tree species that has both medicinal and ornamental value. Its breeding goals mainly focus on increasing the content of flavonoid active components in leaves and improving ornamental traits. Research has found that there are significant differences in the content of flavonoids (such as isorhamnetin) in the leaves of Ginkgo biloba with different crown types. Medium-sized crown-shaped individuals with a larger crown width not only have strong growth vigor and a higher leaf volume, but also have a higher flavonoid content. Therefore, through phenotypic screening of the crown type, the content of active components of Ginkgo biloba can be effectively increased, providing a basis for the breeding of medicinal Ginkgo biloba (Wu et al., 2020). In terms of ornamental breeding, four new ornamental leaf varieties have been obtained through sexual hybridization, and approximately 11 000 stable seedlings have been cultivated, enriching the variety resources of gardens and bonsai (Ming, 2001). 6.2 Methods used: marker analysis, hybridization, and phenotypic screening Molecular markers have been used to analyze and manage germplasm resources, reveal genetic diversity, and help establish core germplasm banks. These achievements provide a basis for molecular-assisted selection and genetic improvement (Wang et al., 2023; Yao et al., 2023). Hybrid breeding has obtained new materials with excellent traits through the selection of superior parents, artificial pollination and seedling screening (Ming, 2001). Phenotypic screening mainly focused on morphological indicators such as crown shape, leaf area, and leaf density, and combined with the detection of active components, achieved simultaneous improvement of medicinal and ornamental traits (Wu et al., 2020). Han et al. (2023) demonstrated that the establishment of a protoplast isolation and transient transformation system provides a new platform for the study of Ginkgo biloba gene functions and molecular breeding.
RkJQdWJsaXNoZXIy MjQ4ODYzNA==