Molecular Plant Breeding 2025, Vol.16, No.4, 250-260 http://genbreedpublisher.com/index.php/mpb 257 accurately analyzing this issue, which makes it hard for some superior varieties to be accurately selected for promotion (Chen et al., 2025a). In addition, some evaluation systems only focus on output and do not give sufficient consideration to aspects such as quality and resistance (Bian et al., 2018). 9.2 Need for integrated phenotyping and modeling approaches With the application of methods such as mechanical pot seedling transplanting, carpet seedling transplanting, and direct seeding, as well as the variation in planting density, there have been very complex changes in the yield and quality performance of varieties. These changes are often not linear, that is to say, it is not a simple relationship where the higher the density, the higher the output (Bian et al., 2018; Wu et al., 2022). At present, many studies still only look at individual traits or only rely on field performance, lacking methods that combine high-throughput phenotypic techniques with crop models. This also makes it difficult for us to accurately predict the adaptation of a certain variety under a certain transplanting method (Hu et al., 2020). In the future, phenotypic data, molecular markers and environmental information from different sources need to be integrated. With the help of big data and artificial intelligence, a more accurate adaptive evaluation model should be established to help select suitable varieties more quickly (Song et al., 2024; Chen et al., 2025a). 9.3 Future directions in breeding and cultivation matching strategies In the future, japonica rice breeding should also pay more attention to the coordination and cooperation among varieties, transplanting methods and planting areas. On the one hand, molecular breeding or gene editing techniques (such as CRISPR-Cas9) can be utilized to rapidly cultivate new varieties that are both high-yielding and highly adaptable, and can better cope with conditions such as light, temperature and adverse conditions (Song et al., 2024; Wang et al., 2025). On the other hand, it is also necessary to strengthen the supporting research among “varieties - cultivation patterns - environment”, combine regional trials, phenomics and model analysis, and formulate more targeted management plans to achieve simultaneous improvement of yield and quality. Acknowledgments The authors appreciate the modification suggestions from two anonymous peer reviewers on the manuscript of this study. The authors are also grateful to the team members for helping to organize the research data. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Abou-Khalifa A., Ziden A., Elshenawy M., and Hassan H., 2021, Effect of planting methods and cultivars on rice grain quality, Journal of Plant Production, 12(11): 1247-1254. https://doi.org/10.21608/jpp.2021.209336 Ahmad M., Wu B., Wang H., and Kang D., 2021, Identification of drought tolerance on the main agronomic traits for rice (Oryza sativa L. ssp. japonica) germplasm in China, Agronomy, 11(9): 1740. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11091740 Bandyopadhyay P., Yadav B., Kumar S., Kumar R., Kogel K., and Kumar S., 2022, Piriformospora indica and Azotobacter chroococcum consortium facilitates higher acquisition of N, P with improved carbon allocation and enhanced plant growth in Oryza sativa, Journal of Fungi, 8(5): 453. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8050453 Bassuony N., and Zsembeli J., 2019, Effect of planting methods on the quality of three Egyptian rice varieties, Agriculture (Pol’nohospodárstvo), 65(3): 119-127. https://doi.org/10.2478/agri-2019-0012 Bian J., Xu F., Han C., Qiu S., Ge J., Xu J., Zhang H., and Wei H., 2018, Effects of planting methods on yield and quality of different types of japonica rice in northern Jiangsu plain, China, Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 17(12): 2624-2635. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2095-3119(18)62141-0 Bian J.L., Ren G.L., Xu F.F., Zhang H.C., and Wei H.Y., 2021, Comparison of grain yield and quality of different types of japonica rice cultivars in the northern Jiangsu plain, China, Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 20(8): 2065-2076. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2095-3119(20)63348-2 Biswash M., Li K., Lu H., Shi Y., Uwiringiyimana E., Guo L., and Xu R., 2024, Effect of Cd(II) adsorption onto rice roots on its uptake by different indica and japonica rice varieties and toxicity effect of Cd(II) under acidic conditions, Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 31: 30399-30414. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-33228-7
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