Molecular Plant Breeding 2025, Vol.16, No.3, 165-179 http://genbreedpublisher.com/index.php/mpb 172 Figure 3 A: Overview of marker assisted backcross breeding program; B: Flow diagram depicting the gene pyramiding of multiple stress resistance (R) genes into a single line using marker assisted backcross breeding; C: Flow diagram of stresses affecting rice productivity (Adopted from Das et al., 2017) Recently, Mohanavel et al. (2024) indicated that MAS facilitated the identification and development of inter-mated F1 progenies harboring eight target QTLs/genes for drought tolerance. Genotyping revealed 14 homozygous progenies, which showed enhanced dehydration tolerance through better chlorophyll retention and RWC. This approach underscores the effectiveness of MAS in breeding multiple-stress-tolerant rice varieties. Liu et al. (2024) introduced the Pi9 gene into the drought-resistant rice variety Hanhui 3 through backcrossing and MAS, producing Hanhui 8200, which exhibited equivalent drought resistance and enhanced resistance to rice blast. 6.3 Genomic selection and precision breeding Genomic selection (GS) and precision breeding represent the latest advancements in the development of drought-resistant rice. These approaches leverage the complete rice genome sequence, genome-wide molecular markers, and low-cost genotyping platforms to improve grain yield under drought conditions (Swamy and Kumar, 2013). GS involves the use of genome-wide markers to predict the performance of breeding lines, allowing for the selection of the best candidates even before field trials (Swamy and Kumar, 2013). Precision breeding, on the other hand, integrates various "omics" technologies to identify candidate genes and pathways involved in drought tolerance, facilitating the development of transgenic rice plants with enhanced drought resistance (Swamy and Kumar, 2013). These methods hold great promise for the future of rice breeding, offering the potential for more
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