Molecular Plant Breeding 2024, Vol.15, No.6, 403-416 http://genbreedpublisher.com/index.php/mpb 407 (Pang et al., 2021). Integrating the findings from GWAS and CGAS into breeding programs helps develop wheat varieties with enhanced disease resistance, contributing to sustainable agriculture and food security. Figure 1 Frequency distribution of disease severity and yield among 196 genotypes and 22 selected genotypes (Adapted from Iqbal et al., 2022) Image caption: (a): Frequency distribution of the best linear unbiased estimates (BLUEs) of disease severity and grain yield from 196 genotypes;(b): The same data for 22 selected genotypes; For disease severity, scores range from 1 to 9, representing resistant, moderately resistant, intermediate, moderately susceptible, and susceptible, respectively. Grain yield is expressed in tons per hectare (t/ha) (Adapted from Iqbal et al., 2022) 5 Application of Gene Editing Technologies in Wheat Disease Resistance Breeding 5.1 Advances in CRISPR-Cas9 system for wheat genome editing The CRISPR-Cas9 system has revolutionized the field of genome editing, providing a robust and precise method for targeted modifications in plant genomes. This technology has surpassed other genome editing techniques such as TALENs and ZFNs due to its simplicity, efficiency, and lower cost (Borrelli et al., 2018; Mushtaq et al., 2019). Recent advancements in CRISPR-Cas9 have enabled the development of transgene-free disease-resistant crops, which is crucial for sustainable agricultural production (Ahmad et al., 2020; Erdoğan et al., 2023). The system's ability to introduce specific gene edits with high precision has made it a powerful tool for enhancing disease resistance in wheat and other crops (Chen et al., 2019; Wang et al., 2022). Additionally, innovations such as base-editing tools and DNA-free delivery methods have further expanded the potential applications of CRISPR-Cas9 in crop improvement (Chen et al., 2019).
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