Molecular Plant Breeding 2024, Vol.15, No.6, 391-402 http://genbreedpublisher.com/index.php/mpb 392 instance, the identification of sex-related molecular markers contributes to more efficient breeding practices, while the regulation of transcription factors like NAC and MYB helps optimize rubber production (Wang et al., 2020; Hu et al., 2023; Zhang et al., 2023b). This study aims to explore the prospects of genetic modification in enhancing the production of Eucommia ulmoides. The research objectives include analyzing existing genomic data, identifying key genes related to rubber biosynthesis and stress resistance, investigating the potential of genetic engineering in improving yield and environmental adaptability, and assessing the impact of specific genetic modifications on overall growth and rubber production in Eucommia ulmoides. Additionally, the study seeks to provide a comprehensive overview of the molecular mechanisms underlying genetic modification, offering insights for future research and practical applications. By achieving these goals, this study aims to contribute to the sustainable and efficient cultivation of Eucommia ulmoides to meet the demands of both agricultural and industrial sectors. 2 Current State of Eucommia ulmoides Production 2.1 Traditional cultivation methods Eucommia ulmoides, also known as the hardy rubber tree, is widely cultivated in China for its medicinal and industrial applications. Traditional cultivation methods of Eucommia primarily rely on seed and cutting propagation. However, these methods have certain limitations. The seeds of Eucommia exhibit dormancy, which significantly limits their germination rate, complicating the propagation process. Research has shown that the seed coat of Eucommia restricts water absorption, making it necessary to break dormancy using treatments such as scarification, stratification, and the application of plant hormones like gibberellin (GA3) (Deng et al., 2021). Additionally, traditional cultivation methods are significantly affected by environmental factors. Studies have shown that factors such as the average annual temperature and duration of sunlight in the planting area play a key role in the growth and economic traits of Eucommia ulmoides. Therefore, selecting suitable genotypes and planting regions is crucial for improving the performance and stability of Eucommia traits (Deng et al., 2022). Despite taking corresponding measures, the low yield of Eucommia rubber remains a major challenge, limiting its application as a source of natural rubber (Zhao et al., 2023b). 2.2 Market demand and applications Eucommia has broad application prospects in industrial, pharmaceutical, and ecological fields, attracting global attention. Its medicinal value has been fully utilized in traditional Chinese medicine, especially in the treatment of various diseases. The bark and leaves of Eucommia are rich in bioactive compounds, such as chlorogenic acid, which have significant pharmacological effects (Deng et al., 2022). 2.2.1 Industrial and ecological fields In the industrial field, Eucommia shows significant advantages as a potential source of natural rubber. The small rubber particle protein (SRPP) gene plays a key role in the biosynthesis of Eucommia rubber, and its expression is regulated by endogenous hormones and environmental stresses, such as drought (Zhao et al., 2023b). This makes Eucommia a strong candidate for sustainable rubber production in regions where traditional rubber trees cannot grow. Rui-fang Yan and her team at the Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, were the first to successfully vulcanize natural Eucommia rubber into high-elasticity rubber internationally. Currently, Eucommia-derived materials include orthopedic materials, new shape memory materials, corrosion-resistant materials, rubber materials, chemical functional materials, daily functional materials, aerospace-specific materials, and high-impact performance materials, among others. Ecologically, Eucommia plays an active role in environmental greening, wind protection, and soil stabilization, making it an important species in environmental protection and land management (Jin et al., 2020). Its high genetic diversity and outcrossing reproduction system further enhance its adaptability and stress resistance, ensuring its long-term sustainability and practicality (Zhang et al., 2013).
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