Molecular Plant Breeding 2024, Vol.15, No.6, 429-441 http://genbreedpublisher.com/index.php/mpb 438 thermo-tolerant rice species. Future research should focus on identifying natural alleles and employing transgenic editing to develop thermo-tolerant lines without compromising yield (Kan and Lin, 2021). By addressing these challenges through targeted research and breeding strategies, it will be possible to enhance the stability and productivity of two-line hybrid rice systems. 8 Concluding Remarks This review has elucidated the intricate regulatory mechanisms by which temperature, light, and water or humidity influence the expression of MS genes in rice. High temperatures have been shown to significantly impact MS by altering gene expression and metabolic pathways essential for pollen development. For instance, heat stress affects membrane fluidity, heat shock proteins, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging, which are crucial for maintaining cellular homeostasis during stress conditions. Additionally, EGRINs have been identified as key players in coordinating gene expression in response to environmental signals, including high temperatures and water deficit. PGMS lines have been found to rely heavily on circadian clock components and sugar metabolism for fertility regulation under varying day lengths. Similarly, P/TGMS lines exhibit differential gene expression in response to environmental changes, with significant roles played by miRNAs and various metabolic pathways involving lipids and phenylpropanoids etc. Understanding the environmental regulation of MS genes in rice is paramount for sustainable agriculture. The ability to manipulate these regulatory mechanisms can lead to the development of more resilient rice varieties that can withstand the adverse effects of climate change, such as increased temperatures and water scarcity. For example, breeding thermo-tolerant rice species without yield penalties through natural allele mining and transgenic editing holds promise for future agricultural practices. Moreover, the insights gained from EGRINs and the role of circadian clocks in PGMS lines can be leveraged to optimize hybrid seed production, ensuring food security. In conclusion, the regulatory mechanisms of temperature, light, and water or humidity on the expression of MS genes in rice are complex and multifaceted. Future research should focus on further elucidating these mechanisms at the molecular level, particularly the roles of noncoding RNAs, TFs, and metabolic pathways. Additionally, the development of more stable hybrid rice varieties through advanced breeding techniques, such as apomixis, could revolutionize seed production and enhance crop yields. Continued exploration of these regulatory networks will not only contribute to our fundamental understanding of plant biology but also pave the way for innovative solutions to the challenges posed by global climate change. Acknowledgments We extend our sincere thanks to two anonymous peer reviewers for their invaluable feedback on the initial draft of this paper, whose critical evaluations and constructive suggestions have greatly contributed to the improvement of our manuscript. Funding This work was supported by the grants from the Central Leading Local Science and Technology Development Project (grant no. 202207AA110010) and the Key and Major Science and Technology Projects of Yunnan (grant nos. 202202AE09002102, 202402AE090026-04). Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Abbas A., Yu P., Sun L., Yang Z., Chen D., Cheng S., and Cao L., 2021, Exploiting genic male sterility in rice: from molecular dissection to breeding applications, Frontiers in Plant Science, 12: 629314. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.629314 PMid:33763090 PMCid:PMC7982899
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