Molecular Plant Breeding 2024, Vol.15, No.6, 429-441 http://genbreedpublisher.com/index.php/mpb 435 regulators affecting male fertility by influencing SPLs, lignin synthesis of anther walls, and the flavonoid metabolism pathway (Sun et al., 2021b). Additionally, high temperatures have been found to disrupt the function of certain tapetal genes, which are essential for pollen adhesion and germination on the stigma, further highlighting the complex interplay between temperature and light in gene regulation (Endo et al., 2009). Figure 4 The adhesion and germination of rice (Oryza sativa) Zhonghua11 (ZH11), humidity-sensitive genic male sterility 1 (hms1) and HMS1- INTERACTING PROTEIN (HMS1I)Cas pollen grains under different humidity conditions (Adopted from Chen et al., 2020). Image caption: (a) The adhesion of ZH11 and hms1 pollen grains on their own stigmas under different humidity conditions. (b) Number of pollen grains adhered to their own stigmas of the ZH11 and hms1 plants under different humidity conditions. (c) The germination of ZH11, hms1 and HMS1ICas pollen grains on their own stigmas under different humidity conditions. (d) In vitro germination of ZH11 and hms1 pollen grains under different temperatures. (e) In vitro germination rates of ZH11 and hms1 pollen grains under different temperatures. Bars: (a, c) 0.5 mm; (d) 100 lm. Error bars indicate SD (n = 5) (two-tailed Student’s t-test; **, P < 0.01) (Adopted from Chen et al., 2020) 5.2 Combined effects of water and temperature on MS The combined effects of water and temperature on MS in rice are significant, particularly in the context of drought stress and TGMS. The TF OsAlfin like 5 (OsAL5) has been identified as a key regulator linking drought stress response and TGMS. Overexpression of OsAL5 in rice plants results in increased sensitivity to temperature changes, with plants becoming sterile under high temperatures (28°C) and fertile under low temperatures (23°C). Moreover, these OsAL5 overexpression plants exhibit higher survival rates under drought stress compared to wild-type plants, indicating that OsAL5 plays a dual role in regulating both drought tolerance and MS (Wen et al., 2021). Additionally, cooling water before panicle initiation has been shown to increase chilling-induced MS and disable the expression of stress-responsive genes, such as OsFKBP65 and heat shock proteins, in rice spikelets, further demonstrating the impact of water and temperature interactions on MS (Suzuki et al., 2015).
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