Molecular Plant Breeding 2024, Vol.15, No.6, 429-441 http://genbreedpublisher.com/index.php/mpb 433 Figure 3 Expression of 11 726 DEGs in response to photoperiod conditions (Adopted from Sun et al., 2021a) Image caption: SD, short day; LD, long day. (A) Number of up- and down-regulated DEGs at each time point. (B) Heatmap and dendrogram of all DEGs in all samples (k = 7). Gene numbers in each cluster given in brackets. DEGs assembled to seven clusters: three clusters up-regulated in SD (2, 3, and 6); three clusters up-regulated in LD (4, 5, and 7); and Cluster 1, with higher daytime expression under SD conditions, and nighttime expression under LD conditions. The value of center point of seven clusters represents relative expression. (C) Venn diagram showing all DEGs at six time points. A total of 177 genes showed differential expression between SD and LD at all time points (Adopted from Sun et al., 2021a) 3.4 Interaction between light and other environmental factors The interaction between light and other environmental factors, such as temperature, further complicates the regulation of MS in rice. For instance, the reverse PGMS line YiD1S exhibits MS primarily regulated by day-length but also influenced by temperature, with two major genes, rpms1 and rpms2, controlling this trait (Peng et al., 2008). The fertility transition in P/TGMS lines is a result of the cooperative regulation of major-effect sterile genes with photoperiod and/or temperature-sensitive genes (Chen et al., 2010). This interaction underscores the complexity of environmental regulation of MS and the need for a comprehensive understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms. In summary, the regulation of MS genes in rice by light involves intricate mechanisms of photoperiod perception, signal transduction, and gene network interactions, with significant interplay between light and other environmental factors such as temperature. Understanding these processes is essential for optimizing hybrid rice breeding strategies and improving crop yields. 4 Water and Humidity Regulation of MS Genes 4.1 Water stress and its effects on plant physiology Water stress, encompassing both drought and flooding, significantly impacts plant physiology, particularly in rice. Drought stress leads to a reduction in water availability, causing physiological changes such as reduced cell turgor, impaired photosynthesis, and altered nutrient uptake (Wu et al., 2022). These changes can severely affect
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