Molecular Plant Breeding 2024, Vol.15, No.6, 429-441 http://genbreedpublisher.com/index.php/mpb 429 Feature Review Open Access Regulatory Mechanisms of Temperature, Light, and Water on the Expression of Male Sterility Genes in Rice Cui Zhang1,3, QianZhu1,2,3, JuanLi 1,2,3, Hui Zhang1,3, Dongsun Lee1,2,3, Lijuan Chen1,2,3 1 Rice Research Institute, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China 2 The Key Laboratory for Crop Production and Smart Agriculture of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China 3 College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China Corresponding email: chenlijuan@hotmail.com Molecular Plant Breeding, 2024, Vol.15, No.6 doi: 10.5376/mpb.2024.15.0040 Received: 21 Nov., 2024 Accepted: 23 Dec., 2024 Published: 31 Dec., 2024 Copyright © 2024 Zhang et al., This is an open access article published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Preferred citation for this article: Zhang C., Zhu Q., Li J., Zhang H., Lee D.S., and Chen L.J., 2024, Regulatory mechanisms of temperature, light, and water on the expression of male sterility genes in rice, Molecular Plant Breeding, 15(6): 429-441 (doi: 10.5376/mpb.2024.15.0040) Abstract Temperature, light, and humidity significantly influence the expression of male sterility (MS) genes in rice. High temperatures were found to induce MS by disrupting pollen development and gene expression in the anther. Genes involved in sugar, lipid, phytohormone, and phenylpropanoid various metabolisms were differentially expressed under varying temperature, light, and humidity conditions, affecting pollen wall development and MS. For instance, cooling water temperature prior to panicle initiation was shown to affect chilling-induced MS, with stress-responsive genes being down-regulated under low water temperature conditions. The findings of valuable reports provide a comprehensive understanding of how temperature, light, and water or humidity regulate male sterility genes in rice. This review aims to elucidate the regulatory mechanisms of temperature, light, water or humidity on the expression of MS genes in rice, focusing on the interaction between environmental factors and genetic responses that govern MS, thereby enhancing two-line hybrid rice production and food security. Keywords Male sterility (MS); Rice; Temperature regulation; Light sensitivity; Water stress 1 Introduction Male sterility (MS) in plants, particularly in rice (Oryza sativa L.), plays a crucial role in the development of hybrid crops, which significantly contribute to global crop productivity. The concept of MS, which includes both cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) and genic male sterility (GMS) (Budar and Pelletier, 2001; Chen and Liu, 2014), has been extensively utilized in rice breeding programs to enhance yield potential and grain quality. The discovery of photoperiod-sensitive genic male sterility (PGMS), temperature-sensitive genic male sterility (TGMS), and humidity-sensitive genic male sterility (HGMS) has provided valuable germplasms for the breeding of "two-line" hybrids, which have been instrumental in increasing rice production (Li et al., 2007; Fan and Zhang, 2017; Abbas et al., 2021; Xue et al., 2018; Chen et al., 2020). The identification and characterization of various MS genes have deepened researchers’ understanding of the molecular mechanisms controlling anther and pollen development, thereby facilitating the efficient use of biotechnology-based MS systems in hybrid breeding (Wan et al., 2019; Sun et al., 2021b). Environmental factors such as temperature, light (photoperiod), and water (humidity) availability play a significant role in regulating the expression of male sterility genes in rice. Photoperiod and temperature-sensitive genic male sterility (P/TGMS) and HGMS lines are particularly sensitive to changes in these environmental conditions, which can trigger transitions between male fertility and sterility. For instance, the PGMS, TGMS, and HGMS lines exhibit sterility under specific photoperiod, temperature, and humidity conditions, respectively, and revert to fertility when these conditions change (Zhou et al., 2012; Fan and Zhang, 2017; Wang et al., 2021; Xue et al., 2018; Chen et al., 2020). The molecular mechanisms underlying these transitions involve complex regulatory networks, including noncoding RNAs, transcription factors, and various metabolic pathways (Chen et al., 2010; Sun et al., 2021b; Kan and Lin, 2021; Xue et al., 2018; Chen et al., 2020). Understanding these regulatory mechanisms is essential for developing strategies to breed rice varieties that can maintain high yields and quality under varying environmental conditions.
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