Molecular Plant Breeding 2024, Vol.15, No.5, 282-294 http://genbreedpublisher.com/index.php/mpb 287 cultivars that can withstand various climate-induced stresses such as drought, heat, and salinity (Prasanna et al., 2021). These stress-tolerant varieties are essential for maintaining maize yields in the face of climate change, particularly in tropical rainfed environments. Furthermore, advancements in genomics-assisted breeding and genome editing technologies have accelerated the development of maize varieties with enhanced resilience to both biotic and abiotic stresses (Bisht et al., 2019; Thudi et al., 2020). 6.3 Environmental concerns: gene flow, biodiversity, and ecological balance While genetic engineering offers numerous benefits, it also raises environmental concerns, particularly regarding gene flow, biodiversity, and ecological balance. The potential for gene flow from GE maize to wild relatives or non-GE crops could lead to unintended ecological consequences. However, studies have shown that GE maize hybrids do not pose additional risks compared to conventional maize in terms of pest potential or ecological impact (Díaz et al., 2016). Despite these findings, continuous monitoring and risk assessments are necessary to ensure that the cultivation of GE maize does not adversely affect biodiversity and ecological balance. 6.4 Potential for reducing the carbon footprint of maize cultivation Genetic engineering has the potential to reduce the carbon footprint of maize cultivation by improving yield efficiency and reducing the need for chemical inputs. For example, transgenic maize varieties with enhanced tolerance to herbicides like dicamba allow for more effective weed control with fewer applications, thereby reducing fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions associated with chemical spraying. Additionally, the overexpression of certain genes, such as zmm28, has been shown to increase maize grain yield and improve nitrogen utilization, which can lead to more sustainable agricultural practices and lower carbon emissions (Wu et al., 2019). Overall, the integration of genetic engineering in maize breeding can contribute to more environmentally sustainable and climate-friendly agricultural systems. 7 Economic and Social Implications of Genetic Engineering in Maize 7.1 Cost-benefit analysis of genetically engineered maize for farmers Genetically engineered (GE) maize has shown significant economic benefits for farmers, particularly in terms of increased yields and reduced pesticide use. A meta-analysis revealed that GE maize adoption has led to a 22% increase in crop yields and a 68% increase in farmer profits, while also reducing chemical pesticide use by 37% (Klümper and Qaim, 2014). These benefits are more pronounced in developing countries, where the technology has contributed to substantial welfare gains and poverty reduction. However, the initial costs of adopting GE maize, including the purchase of seeds and potential regulatory compliance, can be a barrier for small-scale farmers (Zilberman et al., 2018). 7.2 Impact on global maize markets and food supply chains The introduction of GE maize has had a profound impact on global maize markets and food supply chains. The technology has enabled higher productivity and more efficient use of natural resources, which in turn has stabilized maize supply and prices in the global market. Developing countries, in particular, have adjusted their trade patterns to accommodate the preferences of major trading partners regarding GE and non-GE maize varieties. This adaptability has helped maintain market balance and ensured a steady food supply, although it has also introduced complexities in trade regulations and market segmentation (Sharma et al., 2022). 7.3 Public perception, consumer acceptance, and regulatory challenges Public perception and consumer acceptance of GE maize vary widely across different regions. In some countries, GE crops are widely accepted and even welcomed by both farmers and consumers. However, in other regions, there are significant concerns about food safety and environmental impacts, leading to stringent regulatory frameworks (Zilberman et al., 2018). Overregulation can hinder the development and adoption of GE crops, resulting in missed opportunities for economic and social benefits, especially in developing countries. Effective communication and education about the benefits and risks of GE maize are crucial to improving public perception and acceptance (Klümper and Qaim, 2014; Ahanger et al., 2017).
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