Molecular Plant Breeding 2024, Vol.15, No.5, 233-246 http://genbreedpublisher.com/index.php/mpb 236 demonstrated by the transfer of rust resistance genes and QTLs for FHB resistance in wheat (Miedaner and Korzun, 2012). The use of high-throughput genotyping platforms and genomic selection further reduces the challenges associated with MAS, opening new avenues for molecular-based resistance breeding. Figure 1 A circular Manhattan plot showing association of the SNP markers in the current study using MLMM with their respective plot (Adopted from Pradhan et al., 2023) Image caption: The inner to outer circle represents the marker significance for seedling (11, 40-3, 40A, and 117-6) and adult plant resistance, respectively. Significant markers above the threshold (at -log10 [P] > 4) are highlighted as red-colored circles for each pathotype (Adopted from Pradhan et al., 2023) HTP has proven to be a powerful tool in the identification of disease resistance traits in wheat. By leveraging HTP for rapid QTL identification, successfully detecting resistance to common wheat diseases, and integrating phenotypic data with genotypic information, breeding programs can achieve enhanced selection efficiency and develop more resilient wheat varieties. 4 Applications of HTP in Wheat Breeding for Disease Resistance 4.1 Ground-based and aerial-based HTP systems in field trials for evaluating disease response High-throughput phenotyping (HTP) systems, both ground-based and aerial-based, have revolutionized the evaluation of disease responses in wheat breeding programs. Ground-based platforms, such as mobile phenotyping units, are equipped with various sensors to measure canopy height, temperature, and vegetation indices, providing detailed and accurate data on plant health and disease resistance (Figure 2) (Pour et al., 2021). These systems can autonomously collect data, reducing the need for labor-intensive manual measurements and allowing for the rapid assessment of large breeding populations. Aerial-based HTP systems, particularly those utilizing unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), offer significant advantages in terms of coverage and efficiency. UAVs equipped with multispectral and hyperspectral cameras can capture high-resolution images of large field plots, enabling the detection of disease symptoms and stress responses across extensive areas (Haghighattalab et al., 2016; Condorelli et al., 2019). These aerial platforms can quickly assess thousands of plots, providing valuable data on disease incidence and severity, which is crucial for selecting resistant genotypes. The integration of ground-based and aerial-based HTP systems allows for comprehensive monitoring of disease responses in wheat breeding trials. Ground-based systems provide detailed, close-up measurements, while aerial platforms offer a broader perspective, capturing spatial variability and large-scale patterns of disease spread. This combination enhances the accuracy and efficiency of disease resistance evaluations, ultimately accelerating the development of disease-resistant wheat varieties (Shakoor et al., 2017; Crain et al., 2021).
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