Molecular Plant Breeding 2024, Vol.15, No.5, 317-327 http://genbreedpublisher.com/index.php/mpb 323 growth traits (PA values ranging from 0.43 to 0.54). The results demonstrate the potential application of genomic prediction methods in early tree growth, offering new breeding strategies for forest planting in southern Chile, which could benefit the local economy. 6 Future Perspectives and Challenges 6.1 Ethical and regulatory considerations The application of genome editing in forestry, particularly in Eucalyptus species, raises significant ethical and regulatory questions. The potential for transgene dispersal in natural forests is a major concern, as it could lead to unintended ecological consequences and affect biodiversity (Thapliyal et al., 2022). Regulatory frameworks need to be established to ensure that genome-edited trees are safe for the environment and do not pose risks to native species. Regulatory frameworks governing the use of genome editing in plants vary widely across countries. In some regions, such as the European Union, strict regulations classify genome-edited organisms similarly to traditional genetically modified organisms (GMOs), necessitating rigorous risk assessments and approval processes (Eckerstorfer et al., 2023). In contrast, other regions, such as the United States, may have more lenient regulatory requirements for genome-edited crops that do not involve transgenic modifications. As genome editing technologies continue to evolve, it is crucial to engage in transparent, science-based discussions with stakeholders, including policymakers, scientists, environmental groups, and the public. Establishing clear guidelines and robust regulatory frameworks will be essential to ensure the responsible use of genome editing in forestry. Additionally, public perception and acceptance of genetically modified trees must be considered, as societal resistance could hinder the adoption of these technologies (Thapliyal et al., 2022). Ethical considerations also include the potential socioeconomic impacts on communities dependent on traditional forestry practices, necessitating a balanced approach that weighs the benefits of improved wood quality and climate resilience against possible risks and public concerns. 6.2 Technological advances and integration The future of genome editing in Eucalyptus improvement is closely tied to ongoing technological advancements and their integration with traditional breeding methods. Recent innovations, such as CRISPR/Cas systems with enhanced specificity, base editing, and prime editing, offer unprecedented precision and efficiency in genetic modifications (Dai et al., 2020; Cao et al., 2022). These technologies can target multiple genes simultaneously, enabling more comprehensive trait improvements. For instance, the use of CRISPR/Cas9 has already shown success in targeting specific wood-related genes in Eucalyptus, leading to significant changes in lignin content and wood density (Dai et al., 2020). The integration of genome editing with genomic selection (GS) can further accelerate breeding cycles and increase genetic gains, as demonstrated in studies on Eucalyptus grandis and Eucalyptus benthamii (Mphahlele et al., 2020; Paludeto et al., 2021). By combining these advanced techniques, it is possible to achieve rapid and targeted improvements in wood quality traits, thereby enhancing the overall productivity and sustainability of Eucalyptus plantations. 6.3 Potential for climate resilience Climate change poses significant challenges to forestry, including increased susceptibility to pests and diseases, extreme weather events, and shifting growing conditions. Genome editing holds substantial potential for developing climate-resilient Eucalyptus species that can withstand these challenges. Genome editing offers a powerful tool for developing climate-resilient Eucalyptus species. The ability to precisely modify genes associated with drought and pest resistance can significantly enhance the adaptability of Eucalyptus to changing climatic conditions. For example, CRISPR-based technologies have been used to identify and edit genes related to drought tolerance and pest resistance, facilitating the selection of suitable gene editing targets for improving forest sustainability (Cao et al., 2022). Additionally, the genetic improvement of Eucalyptus for climate resilience can help mitigate
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