MPB_2024v15n3

2 Molecular Mechanisms of Disease Resistance in Pi	59
2.1 Pathogen recognition and signal transduction p	59
2.2 Role of disease resistance (R) genes in pines	59
2.3 Defense mechanisms activated by R genes	59
3 Genome Editing Technologies for Pine Disease Res	60
3.1 CRISPR/Cas9 system	60
3.1.1 Principles and mechanisms	60
3.1.2 Applications in plant genomics	60
3.2 Other genome editing tools (TALENs, ZFNs)	60
3.3 Delivery methods for genome editing in pines	60
4 Identification and Characterization of Disease R	61
4.1 Techniques for gene discovery	61
4.2 Functional genomics approaches	61
4.3 Case studies of identified R genes in pines	62
5 Strategies for Precise Gene Editing	62
5.1 Targeted mutagenesis	62
5.2 Homology-directed repair (HDR)	62
5.3 Base editing and prime editing	62
6 Functional Verification of Edited Genes	63
6.1 In vitro assays	63
6.2 Transgenic pine models	63
6.3 Field trials and environmental assessments	63
7 Case Studies and Success Stories	63
7.1 Successful gene edits conferring disease resis	63
7.2 Comparative analysis of edited vs. non-edited	63
8 Challenges and Future Perspectives	64
8.1 Technical challenges in pine genome editing	64
8.2 Regulatory and ethical considerations	65
8.3 Future directions for research	65
9 Concluding Remarks	65

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