Molecular Plant Breeding 2024, Vol.15, No.3, 132-143 http://genbreedpublisher.com/index.php/mpb 138 Figure 4 Physical position of snpsGWAS (Adapted from Francisco et al., 2021) Image caption: In the rubber tree genome, the physical locations of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with plant height (PH) and stem diameter (SD) were identified through genome-wide association studies (GWAS). In the figure, different types of SNPs and QTLs are marked with distinct colors: snpsGWAS are marked in red, snpsLD in black, QTLs related to plant height in blue, and QTLs related to stem diameter in green. This color differentiation clearly displays the distribution of these genetic markers across the 18 chromosomes of the rubber tree and their relative positions on the genetic map. This provides a visual foundation for further gene function analysis and breeding research. The figure effectively reveals the connections between multiple genetic markers and important agronomic traits (Adapted from Francisco et al., 2021) 4.1 Enhancing disease resistance 4.1.1 Identification of resistance genes Marker-assisted selection (MAS) has significantly advanced the identification of resistance genes in tree breeding. Genomics and transcriptomics studies using next-generation sequencing (NGS) methods have revealed the architecture of resistance to various diseases, exploiting natural genetic diversity to select elite genotypes with high resistance to diseases (Younessi-Hamzekhanlu and Gailing, 2022). Quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified several QTLs related to disease resistance traits and
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