Molecular Plant Breeding 2024, Vol.15, No.1, 8-14 http://genbreedpublisher.com/index.php/mpb 8 Brief History of Plant Breeding Open Access Breeding 3.0: The Precise Revolution of Genotype Selection JimFang Hainan Institute of Tropical Agricultural Resources, Sanya, 572025, Hainan, China Corresponding email: james.xj.fang@qq.com Molecular Plant Breeding, 2024, Vol.15, No.1 doi: 10.5376/mpb.2024.15.0002 Received: 08 Dec., 2023 Accepted: 14 Jan., 2024 Published: 30 Jan., 2024 Copyright © 2024 Fang, This is an open access article published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Preferred citation for this article: Fang J., 2024, Breeding 3.0: the precise revolution of genotype selection, Molecular Plant Breeding, 15(1): 8-14 (doi: 10.5376/mpb.2024.15.0002) Abstract Breeding 3.0, the stage of breeding based on precise genotype selection and genetic and genomic data, represents a significant technological shift in the field of plant breeding, transforming traditional phenotypic selection into genotype selection to enhance selection efficiency and accuracy. The beginning of Breeding 3.0 can be traced back to approximately 1995 when molecular markers and genomic data were used to supplement phenotype data. Iconic academic achievements, such as the construction of saturated linkage maps in rice and breakthroughs in rice whole genome sequencing, marked the early stages of Breeding 3.0. The methodological framework of Breeding 3.0 includes marker-assisted backcrossing and pedigree confirmation, the application of linkage maps in unraveling complex traits, and advancements in high-throughput genotyping. The integration of genetic and genomic data confers advantages in precision and efficiency to Breeding 3.0. Genotype-based breeding approaches provide new avenues for improving plant varieties, while genome-wide selection enables the analysis of complex quantitative traits. Keywords Breeding 3.0; Genotype selection; Genetic and genomic data; Marker-assisted breeding 1 Introduction Breeding has always been an important task in the field of agriculture, aimed at improving plant varieties, increasing crop yield, resistance and quality. With the continuous progress of science and technology, breeding methods are also constantly evolving. The Breeding 2.0 stage focuses on conventional breeding, based on Mendel’s Law of Inheritance and Quantitative Genetics Theory, to improve plant varieties by creating mutant populations and applying phenotype selection. However, there are still some limitations in Breeding 2.0, such as limitations in selection efficiency and difficulties in analyzing complex traits (Fang, 2023). About 30 years ago, we entered the Breeding 3.0 stage, which was a significant shift in breeding methods. Breeding 3.0 achieves precise and revolutionary improvements in breeding by integrating genetic and genomic data, based on genotype selection (Wallace et al., 2018). The emergence of this stage marks further optimization and improvement of breeding methods. In Breeding 3.0, the introduction of techniques such as assisted-marker backcrossing and pedigree confirmation has made breeding work more precise and efficient (Fang et al., 2001). Meanwhile, the application of linkage maps has made it more feasible to analyze complex traits, while the development of high-throughput genotyping has expanded the toolkit of quantitative genetics. Through genome-wide association study and genome selection, breeding values can be more accurately estimated and plant variety can be more accurately selected. 2 The Evolution of Breeding 3.0 2.1 The beginning and iconic achievements of Breeding 3.0 About 30 years ago, the beginning of Breeding 3.0 marked the start of the integration of genetic and genomic data with phenotypic data. One of the iconic achievements is the construction of the first saturated molecular genetic map of rice (Causse et al., 1994). Through this map, researchers can accurately locate and associate important agronomic traits on the rice genome (Causse et al., 1994). This study utilized molecular marker techniques such as restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and simple sequence repeat (SSR) to accurately locate important agronomic traits by analyzing the association between genetic markers and phenotype. Subsequently, with the further development of molecular marker technology, more molecular markers such as single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) were applied in Breeding 3.0. These
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