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Journal of Mosquito Research
2014, Vol.4, No.2, 5-14
http://jmr.sophiapublisher.com
Research Report
Open Access
Larvicidal and Pupicidal Activities of
Plectranthus glandulosus
and
Callistemon
rigidus
Leaf Essential Oils against Three Mosquito Species
Danga Yinyang Simon Pierre
1
, Esimone Charles Okechukwu
2
, Younoussa Lame
1
, Nukenine Elias Nchiwan
1
1. Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Ngaoundere, PO Box 454, Ngaoundere, Cameroon
2. Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology & Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Agulu, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, PMB 5025, Awka,
Anambra State, Nigeria
Corresponding author email: dangayisipi@yahoo.fr;
Author
Journal of Mosquito Research, 2014, Vol.4, No.2 doi: 10.5376/jmr.2014.04.0002
Copyright
© 2013 Pierre et al. This is an open access article published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted
use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Objective:
To determine the mosquito
larvicidal and pupicidal activities of Cameroonian
Plectranthus glandulosus
and
Callistemon
rigidus
leaf essential oils against 4
th
instar larvae and early pupae of
Anopheles gambiae
,
Aedes aegypti
and
Culex quinquefasciatus
.
Methods:
Twenty five early 4
th
instar larvae and early pupae of
An. gambiae
,
Ae. aegypti
and
Cx. quinquefasciatus
were exposed to
various concentrations ranging from 12.5-500 ppm and 2000 ppm for DDVP. The standard protocol of WHO 2005 was followed up
under laboratory conditions. Larval and pupal mortalities were observed 24 h post-exposure. Probit analysis was used to compute the
LC
50
and LC
90
values.
Results:
The essential oil of the two plants showed significant larval and pupal toxicities against all the target mosquito species.
P.
glandulosus
caused LC
50
values of 2.66, 7.37 and 43.16 ppm against
Ae. aegypti
,
An. gambiae
and
Cx. quinquefasciatus
larvae,
respectively and 27.22, 22.60 and 104.75 ppm against
Ae. aegypti
,
An. gambiae
and
Cx. quinquefasciatus
pupae, respectively.
C.
rigidus
displayed LC
50
values of 66.67, 99.61 and 176.81 ppm against
Ae. aegypti
,
An. gambiae
and
Cx. quinquefasciatus
larvae,
respectively and 50.95, 47.63 and 307.19 ppm against
Ae. aegypti
,
An. gambiae
and
Cx. quinquefasciatus
pupae, respectively.
Conclusion:
These results suggest that the Cameroonian
P. glandulosus
and
C. rigidus
leaf essential oils can be used as an ideal
eco-friendly approach which may replace DDVP, the synthetic chemical, for vector control programs.
Keywords
Plectranthus glandulosus
;
Callistemon rigidus
; Essential oil; Mosquito larvicide; Mosquito pupicide
Introduction
Mosquitoes are vectors of many ailments worldwide.
They are responsible of lymphatic filariasis (
Cx.
quinquefasciatus
Say), yellow fever, dengue (
Ae.
aegypti
Linn.) and malaria (
An. gambiae
Giles)
(Ndione et al., 2013). WHO revealed this: “Behind the
statistics and graphs lies a great and needless tragedy:
malaria still takes the life of an African child every
minute”. In Cameroon,
An. gambiae
is the only
mosquito species causing thousands of death every
year especially to children under five and pregnant
women (WHO, 2012a). To illustrate this, residents of
Cameroon’s Far North Region have been gripped by
malaria outbreak where 302 persons died in
September 2013 alone (Mulango, 2013). In addition,
according to WHO (2012b), Cameroon occupied the
sixth position all over the world in yellow fever (YF)
cases. An outbreak of YF has been reported in the
North Region of Cameroon (Demanou et al., 2012).
Moreover, cases of Chikungunya Virus have been
detected among the citizens living within Douala and
Yaoundé in Cameroon in 2006 (Peyrefitte et al., 2006).
To avoid the worst in malaria death and the outbreak
of yellow fever, dengue, filariasis or chikungunya
cases, it is very urgent to intervene in tackling those
Preferred citation for this article:
Pierre et al., 2014, Larvicidal and Pupicidal Activities of
Plectranthus glandulosus
and
Callistemon rigidus
Leaf Essential Oils against Three Mosquito
Species, Journal of Mosquito Research, Vol.4, No.2 5-14 (doi: 10.5376/jmr.2014.01.0002)
Received: 25 Dec., 2013
|
Accepted: 03 Jan., 2014
|
Published: 26 Mar., 2014