Basic HTML Version
Molecular Plant Breeding Provisional Publishing
Molecular Plant Breeding 2012, Vol.3, No.4, 37
-
49
http://mpb.sophiapublisher.com
48
settling tower among plates at the time of inoculation
and later on conidia were counted under microscope.
Culture plates were covered with lids and sealed with
sealing film and kept at 16
℃
in the dark for overnight.
After that these plates were transferred to infection
chambers where a temperature of 18
℃
and light to
dark period ratio of 16:8 hours were maintained for the
next 21 days. Fungus development was observed and
number with size of developing colonies was taken.
Acknowledgements
We are highly thankful to DAAD, Germany and HEC, Pakistan
for facilitating and funding the stay of a PhD student (1
st
Author)
to do this research work. We are also thankful to Dr Kerstin Flath,
of Plant Pathology and grassland Institute Kleinmachnow,
Germany for providing fungal isolates and technical help to do
the pathological analysis.
References
Anand A., Zhou T., Trick H.N., Gill B.S., Bockus W.W., and Muthukrishnan
S., 2003, Greenhouse and field testing of transgenic wheat plants stably
expressing genes for thaumatin-like protein, chitinase and glucanase
against Fusarium graminearum, Journal of Experimental Botany, 54
(384): 1101-1111 http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erg110 PMid:12598580
Balconi C., Lanzanova C., Conti E., Triulzi T., Forlani F., Cattaneo M., and
Lupotto E., 2007, Fusarium head blight evaluation in wheat transgenic
plants expressing the maize b-32 antifungal gene, European Journal of Plant
Pathology, 117: 129-140 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10658-006-9079-3
Becker D., Brettscheneider R., and Lörz H., 1994, Fertile transgenic wheat from
microprojectile bombardment of scutellar tissue, The Plant Journal, 5:
299-307 http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-313X.1994.05020299.x
PMid:8148881
Becker D., Folk A., Knies P., Lörz H., and Wieser H., 2007, Silencing of
alpha-Gliadins in Hexaploid Bread wheat, In: Georgr L.L.(eds.),
Gluten Proteins, AACC International 2007
Bieri S., Potrykus I., and Futterer J., 2003, Effects of combined expression
of antifungal barley seed proteins in transgenic wheat on powdery
mildew infection, Molecular Breeding, 11: 37-48
http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022145915983
Blaisean P.L., and Lafay J.F., 1992, Primary structure of a chitinase-encoding
gene (
chi1
) from the filamentous fungus
Aphanocladium album
:
similarity to bacterial chitinases, Gene, 120: 243-248
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1119(92)90099-B
Bliffeld M., Mundy J., Potrykus I., and Futterer J., 1999, Genetic
engineering of wheat for increased resistance to powdery mildew
disease, Theor. Appl. Genet., 98: 1079-1086 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/
s001220051170
Botha A.M., Nagel M.A.C., Van der Westhuizen A.J., and Botha F.C., 1998,
Chitinase isoenzymes in near-isogenic wheat lines challenged with
Russian wheat aphid, exogenous ethylene, and mechanical wounding,
Bot Bull Acad Sin, 39: 99-106
Brettschneider R., Becker D., and Loerz H., 1997, Efficient transformation
of scutellar tissue of immature maize embryos, Theor. Appl. Genet., 94:
737-748 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050473
Cao H., Li X., and Dong X., 1998, Generation of broad-spectrum disease
resistance by overexpression of an essential regulatory gene in
systemic acquired resistance, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA, Plant
Biology, 95: 6531–6536
Carsolio C., Benhamou N., Haran S., Cortés C., Gutiérrez A., Chet I., and
Herrera-Estrella A., 1999, Role of the
Trichoderma harzianum
endochitinase Gene
ech2
in Mycoparasitism, Applied and Environmental
Microbiology, 65: 929-935 PMid:10049844 PMCid:91125
Chen W.P., Chen P.D., Liu D.J., Kynast R., Friebe B., Velazhahan R.,
Muthukrishnan S., and Gill B.S., 1999, Development of wheat scab
symptoms is delayed in transgenic wheat plants that constitutively
express a rice thaumatin-like protein gene, Theor. Appl. Genet., 99:
755-760 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220051294
Christensen A.H., Sharrock R.A., and Quail P.H., 1992, Maize polyubiquitin
genes: structure, thermal perturbation of expression and transcript
splicing, and promoter activity following transfer to protoplasts by
electroporation, Plant Mol. Biol., 18: 675-689
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00020010 PMid:1313711
Girgi M., Breese W.A., Lörz H., and Oldach K.H., 2006, Rust and downy
mildew resistance in pearl millet (
Pennisetum glaucum
) mediated by
heterologous expression of the afp gene from
Aspergillus giganteus
,
Transgenic Research, 15: 313-324 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11248-
006-0001-8 PMid:16779647
Gurr S.J., and Rushton P.J., 2005, Engineering plants with increased disease
resistance: How are we going to express it? Trends in Biotechnology,
23 (6): 283-290 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2005.04.007 PMid:15922079
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2005.04.009 PMid:15922080
Hammad H.M., Ahmad A., Laghari K.Q., Abbas F., Nasim W., Farhad W.,
and Malik A.H., 2011, Organic farming in wheat crop under arid
condition of Pakistan, Pak J. Agri. Sci., 48(2): 97-102
Hendrix B., and Stewart J.M.D., 2002, Chitosanse may enhance anti-fungal
defence response, AAES Research Series., 507: 2154-217
Khan S., and Khan J., 2010, Drought tolerant wheat cultivar (raj) for rainfed
areas of KPK, Pakistan, Pak J. Agri. Sci., 47(4): 355-359
Leckband G., and Loerz H., 1998, Transformation and expression of a
stilbene synthase gene of
Vitis vinifera
L. in barley and wheat for
increased fungal resistance, Theor. Appl. Genet., 96 : 1004-1012
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050832
Lee S., Choi H., Suh S., Doo I.S., Oh K.Y., Choi E.J., Schroeder Taylor A.T.,
Low P.S., and Lee Y., 1999, Oligogalacturonic acid and chitosan reduce
stomatal aperture by inducing the evolution of reactive oxygen species
from guard cells of tomato and
Commelina communis
, Plant
Physiology, 121: 147-152 http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.121.1.147
PMid:10482669 PMCid:59362
Lorito M., Peterbauer C., Hayes C.K., and Harman G.E., 1994, Synergistic
interaction between fungal cell wall degrading enzymes and different
antifungal compounds enhances inhibition of spore germination,
Microbiology, 140 (3): 623-629http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/00221287-140-3-623
PMid:8012584
Lorito M., Farkas V., Rebuffat S., Bodo B., and Kubicek C.P., 1996, Cell
wall synthesis is a major target of mycoparasitic antagonism by
Trichoderma harzianum
, J. Bacteriol., 178(21): 6382-6385 PMid:8892847
PMCid:178518
Mackintosh C.A., Lewis J., Radmer L.E., Shin S., Heinen S.J., Smith L.A.,
Wyckoff M.N., Dill-Macky R., Evans C.K., Kravchenko S., Baldridge
G.D., Zeyen R.J., and Muehlbauer G.J., 2007, Overexpression of
defence response genes in transgenic wheat enhances resistance to