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Intl. J. of Molecular Zoology, 2012, Vol.2, No.2, 13
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only (Table 1).This large amount of energy is, of
course, needed to support the non-feeding pupae, as
has been pointed out by Waldbauer (1968) and
Shaurub et al (2001).
After absorption of the digested food, some of the
compounds are used for the metabolic energy and a
certain proportion is converted into biomass. Thus, the
coincidence of the pattern of plant extract and/or
irradiation impact on the metabolizable energy
(C.M.E.) and on the gross energy in food digested
(food balance) of either treated with plant extract
and/or irradiated larvae of F
1
progeny was expected.
In this situation, gamma irradiation combined with
plant extract Barnoof did not affect on the C.M.E. at
all treatments (Table 1, Table 2 and Table 3).
Acetone only significantly decreased the efficiency of
storage of ingested energy [E.S.I. (E)] and the
efficiency of storage or metabolizable energy [E.S.M.
(E)] to 80.69% and 78.69% from the control treatment
respectively, while the acetone extract (1.5%
concentration) significantly increased to 116.66% and
112.13 % from the control treatment respectively.
The petroleum ether extract (1.5% concentration)
significantly decreased the [(E.S.I. (E)] and [E.S.M.
(E)] to 78.37% and 76.91% from the control treatment
respectively (Table 1).
Table 2 indicate that the [(E.S.I. (E)] and [E.S.M. (E)]
significantly increased to 151.24% and 155.93%
respectively from the control treatment among F
1
larvae descendant of irradiated parental male pupae
with 100 Gy. Also, significantly increased to 149.44%
and 145.85% from the untreated control respectively
among F
1
larvae treated with 3% acetone extract
combined with 100 Gy.
Data in Table 2 also indicate that the combination of
gamma irradiation and petroleum ether extract did not
affected on both [(E.S.I. (E)] and [E.S.M. (E)] at the
most treatments, while significantly increased at all
treatments in Table 3. These results are disagreement
with those obtained by Seth and Sehgal (1992), they
mentioned that C.M.E., E.S.I.(E) and E.S.M.(E) of 6
th
instar larvae of
Spodoptera litura
were generally
decreased with increasing the dose of gamma
radiation, and agreement with Thornburn (1972) who
reported that gamma irradiation causes interruption of
energy supplies and blocking of key enzymes which
may stop normal metabolism. Also agreement with
Shaurub et al (2001), who mentioned that irradiation
with doses 10, 15 and 20 krad increased C.M.E., E.S.I.
(E) and E.S.M. (E) in case of 6
th
instar larvae. Nestel
et al (1986) concluded that there was a correlation
between the energetic balance of irradiated
Ceratitis
capitata
adults and the lipid metabolism. Reynolds
and Nottingham (1985) reported that the decrease in
E.C.I. and E.C.D. is attributed to increased total
metabolic costs (from the energy budget), i.e. the
metabolic costs increased relative to energetic input.
These costs are likely of respiratory nature (Reynolds
and Nottingham, 1985; Chaabane et al., 1999).
Therefore, it appears that E.S.I. (E) and E.S.M. (E) are
overall measures of the insect's ability to utilize the
energy in food ingested and digested respectively.
Consequently, E.S.I. (E) and E.S.M. (E) are considered
as the gross and net energy utilization efficiencies,
respectively for the maintenance of life. The previous
findings indicate that energy utilization efficiencies
incase. These data agreement with Shaurub et al
(2001) they pointed out that the importance of
optimization of the dose in irradiation of any insect
species. Therefore, the dose 20 krad appears to be the
optimal dose for irradiation of
S. littoralis
pupae,
where at this dose level the energy utilization
efficiencies [E.S.I.(E)] and [E.S.M.(E)] together with
the energy stored in the body were drastically
decreased in both 4
th
and 6
th
instar larvae resulting
from irradiation of the parent pupae of this insect
species.
Food materials are not used directly in the body.
Instead they are converted into a potential (stored)
energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
which is then used to perform the metabolic processes.
During these processes, energy is released (exergonic
or catabolic reaction) or absorbed (endergonic or
anabolic reaction), converted to heat and dispersal into
environment. Cells have no way of producing new
energy or of recycling the energy they have used.