Bt Research 2015, Vol.6, No.4, 1-12
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Table 1 Serovars of
Bacillus thuringiensis
producers of thuringiensins (type I and II) and the reference
Serovars of
Bt
Type of thuringiensin
Reference
darmstadiensis
I
Ohba et al., (1981); Mohd-Salleh and Lewis (1982); Levinson et al., (1990); Rodríguez
et al., (2001);
Tsuchiya et al., (2002); Rodríguez et al., 2003; Belder and Elderson (2013)
galleriae
I
Belder and Elderson (2013);
israelensis
I
Obeidat, Horani and Al-Momani (2012);
kenyae
I
Rodríguez et al., (2001); Tsuchiya et al., (2002); Obeidat et al., (2012);
kunamotoensis
I
Ohba et al., (1981);
kurstaki
I
Levinson et al., (1990); Tsuchiya et al., (2002); Obeidat et al., (2012);
morrisoni
I e II
Ohba et al., (1981); Levinson et al., (1990); Rodríguez et al., (2001);
pakistani
I
Obeidat et al., (2012);
tenebrionis
I
Belder and Elderson (2013);
thuringiensis
I
Cantwell et al. (1964); Burgerjon and Galichet (1965); De Barjac and Burgerjon (1972);
Mohd-Salleh et al., (1980); Mohd-Salleh and Lewis (1981); Ohba et al., (1981);
Mohd-Salleh and Lewis (1982); Levinson et al., (1990); Tsuchiya et al., (2002);
Rodríguez et al., 2003; Belder and Elderson (2013);
tohokuensis
I
Obeidat, Horani and Al-Momani (2012);
tolworthi
I e II
Mohd-Salleh et al., (1980); Mohd-Salleh and Lewis (1982); Ohba et al., (1981);
Levinson et al., (1990);
Rodríguez et al., (2001); Rodríguez et al., (2003)
toumanoffi
I
Ohba et al., (1981);
Table 2 Toxic effects of thuringiensins in major taxa of agricultural pests, with their references
Taxa
Lethal effects or others
References
Coleoptera
Larvae Mutagenic Teratogenic
Burgerjon et al. (1969); Burgerjon (1974); Espinasse et al. (2002a);
Tsuchiya et al. (2002); Peña et al. (2006)
Diptera
Adult Larvae Mutagenic Teratogenic
Bond et al. (1969); Ignoffo and Gard (1970); Bond et al. (1971);
Gingrich and Eschle (1971); Carlberg (1973); Wasti et al. (1973);
Ohba et al. (1981); Šebesta et al. (1981) Haufler and Kunz (1985);
Carlberg (1986); Gingrich (1987); Mohd-Salleh et al. (1980);
Mullens et al. (1988);
Mullens and Rodriguez (1988); Marec et al. (1989); Yamvrias and
Anagnou (1989); Levinson et al. (1990); Carlberg et al. (1991);
Karamanlidou et al. (1991); Robacker et al. (1996); Johnson et al.
(1998); Lee et al. (2001); Arango et al. (2002); Mac Innes and
Bouwer (2009); Mwamburi et al. (2009); Hayes et al. (2011);
Elleuch et al. (2015)
Lepidoptera Larvae Teratogenic
Dubois, (1986); Gardner et al. (1986); Ignoffo and Gregory
(1972); Vankováet al. (1974); Ohba et al. (1981); Mohd-Salleh
and Lewis (1982); Moar et al. (1986); Barreto et al. (1999);
Robacker et al. (2000); Perchat et al. (2005)
Nematodes
Adult Larvae Inhibits the hatching of eggs
Decreases of the reproductive rates
Prasad et al. (1972); Ignoffo and Dropkin (1977); Bone et al.
(1985); Devidas and Rehberger (1992); Iatsenko et al. (2014)
2012; Pardo-López et al., 2013; Soberón et al., 2010).
With effect only on young larvae of insects, this
exotoxin has no immediate action on the digestive
tract and its effect is dependent on high doses.
Somerville and Swain (1975) claim that 2 mM of
exotoxin are required to inhibit protein synthesis of
insect cells. Moreover, in certain nematode species,
this exotoxin can act lethally, regardless of the stage of
development, reaching therefore, all phases of the
lifecycle (Devidas and Rehberger, 1992).
5 Toxicity to Non-target organisms
(Cantwell et al., 1966), analyzing the effect of
thuringiensin in
Apis mellifera
, reported that the
