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Journal of Energy Bioscience
10
(Subbarao, 2003). In biomethanation the use of
defatted cake as feed (combination of 75% cattle dung
and 25% jatropha oil cake) provided best results
(Nafisa et al., 2010). Groeneveld (2003) found that
using mixture of seed cake and animal manure as feed
sources in anaerobic process gave the composition of
CH
4
in the generated biogas between 50% to 60%
with yielding of 0.5 m
3
/kg to 0.6 m
3
/kg.
Table 3 Biogas production potentiality of non edible seed cake
S.N.
Feed stock
Gas yield (m
3
/ kg dry) Methane Content (%) Methane yield (kg/m
3
) Source
1
Jatropha cake 0.598
66.6
0.394
Chandra et al., 2012
0.446
70
-
Staubmann et al., 1997
-
50~60
0.5~0.6
Groeneveld, 2007
0.6
-
Radhakrishna, 2007
2
Pongamia cake 0.703
62.5
0.427
Chandra et al., 2012
3
Castor cake
0.4~0.5
70
-
Subbarao, 2003
4
Cow dung
0.18
55~60
-
Subbarao, 2003
Table 4 Chemical analysis of inlet and outlet slurry (Nafisa et al., 2010)
Biogas plant
Inlet slurry
Outlet slurry
Oil% TS% N% P% K% Oil% TS% N%
P% K%
Jatropha
5.67
10.76 3.51 2.06 0.66 3.95
8.87
5.56
2.90
1.24
Cow dung
-
9.64 0.54 0.49 0.51 -
7.22
1.42
1.04
1.02
Chandra et al. (2012) in their experiments on jatropha
and pongamia pinnata de oiled seed cakes under
mesophilic temperature condition observed that the
yielding of about 0.593 m
3
•day
-1
•kg
-1
TS from
jatropha cake and 0.703 m
3
•day
-1
•kg
-1
TS from
pongamia seed cake over 30 days of retention time. In
case of Jatropha the average content of CH
4
in the
produced biogas was 66.5% at the dilution ratio of
3.5:1 and 62.5% with the dilution ratio of 3:1 for
pongamia cake.
Staubman et al. (1997) obtained 0.446 m
3
of biogas
containing 70% methane per kg of dry seed cake using
pig manure as inoculums. Elsewhere, Radhakrishna
(2007) obtained 0.5 m
3
biogas per kg of solvent
extracted seed cake and 0.6 m
3
biogas per kg of
mechanically de-oiled cake. Singh et al. (2008)
observed that biogas production from Jatropha seed
cake was about 60% higher than that from cattle dung
and contained 66% methane. In India the potential of
biogas generation was estimated to be 2 550 and 377
million cubic metre respectively from 10.2 to 1.45
lakh tones of jatropha and pongamia seed cakes (Ram
et al., 2006).
The slurry from the bio gas plants of jatropha oil cake
contained high NPK content than fresh jatropha oil
cake, fresh cattle dung and its digested slurry (Table 4)
and because of its high nutrient content could serve as
good manure. The oil content also could be reduced
from 5.67% to 3.95% (Nafisa et al., 2010).
The Table 4 indicated that compared to original feed
material, the outcome slurry contained higher nitrogen
and rich in minerals in concentrated form leads to use
as manure. The anaerobic digestion method of biogas
production led to good utilization of cakes for energy
generation and the effluent could be used for organic
farming (Anonymous, 2012). But, still there were
certain limitations on energy generation from seed
cake through anaerobic digestion, which were:
1. Biomethanation required powdery and porous
biomass with moisture always greater than 60%
(Kirubakarana et al., 2009). So the large quantity of
water was to be disposed of after digestion.
2. The hydraulic retention time was always very high
(45~60 days) for effective gas generation resulting in
huge volume of digester.
3. When feed stock contained more of lignin, which
was more stable in biodegradation process, then
Journal of Energy Bioscience