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Journal of Mosquito Research, 2013, Vol.3, No.5, 33
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emergence as well as producing nematode progeny
that can re-infect another bottom-feeding host nearby
in the system.
The use of laboratory pathogenecity bioassays in these
experiments has been relevant in showing consistently
the pathogenic capability of the heterorhabditid nema-
todes over steinernematid one and hence their symbiotic
bacteria,
P. luminiscens
over that of
X. nematophilus
to
C. quinquefasciatus
larvae, although, these laboratory
bioassays do not provide an assurance of field efficacy,
so, field application studies should be done. However,
they guaranteed the promising value of using entom-
opathogenic nematodes of the genus
Heterorhabditis
in controlling the aquatic larvae. These aquatic systems
do not introduce the detrimental effect of sun light and
ultraviolet radiation as well as desiccation on these types
of nematodes as it usually happens in agricultural sys-
tems which are considered the most important factors
that lower the efficacy of applying these entomopa-
thogenic nematodes in agricultural systems. This was
because the bacteria are susceptible to sunlight and
U.V. radiation, also, desiccation is a major concern for
the nematode itself, where all nematodes need at least
a water film to move through it and infect a host. In
this system of aquatic habitat, many of the mosquito
larvae are bottom feeders, and hence they were
protected from sunlight and U.V. radiation.
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