基本HTML版本
Intl. J. of Super Species Research 2012, Vol.2, No.1, 1
-
6
http://ijssr.sophiapublisher.com
6
authors (e.g. Figuerola et al., 2002; Figuerola, 2000;
Harper, 1999; Thompson, 1997) . Whether good body
condition of the host provides mites with ideal body
conditions (thus explaining the high abundances) or if
this trend was cause by underlying covariates was
beyond the scope of this paper and would require
manipulative/experimental rather than observational
studies. Future research into this area could provide
vital insights into the mechanisms underlying
mite-host relationships and the effects of mites on
their avian hosts.
4.3 Mite distribution on wings and movements
The observed significant mite distributions on species
could be explained by the microhabitat preferences
that may be different for the mite species, (Galvan et
al., 2007) some which are host specific. It has already
been discovered that mites might migrate on the
feathers depending on environmental factors such as
temperature (e.g. Proctor, 2003). Such migrations are
likely to have caused the observed trends in the birds
that were roosted overnight. With more observational
data over different time of day and seasons,
investigations could be carried out to describe mite
movements depending on varying environmental
factors (e.g. temperature, sunlight, rain).
References
Behnke J., McGregor P., Cameron J., Hartley I., Sheperd M., Gilbert F.,
Barnard C., Hurst J., Gray S., and Wiles R., 1999, Semi-quantitative
assessment of wing feather mite (Acarina) infestations on passerine
birds from Portugal. Evaluation of the criteria for accurate
quantification of mite burdens, Journal of Zoology, 248(3): 337-347
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1999.tb01033.x
Blanco G., and Frias O., 2001, Symbiotic feather mites synchronize dispersal and
population growth with host sociality and migratory disposition, Ecography,
24(2): 113-120 http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0587.2001.2402 01.x
Blanco G., Seoane J., and de la Puente J., 1999, Showiness, non-parasitic
symbionts, and nutritional condition in a passerine bird, Ann. Zool.
Fennici, 36: 83-91
Bridge E.S., 2003, Densities and distributions of commensal feather mites
(
Zachvatninia caspica
) among the primaries of caspian terns,
International Journal of Acarology, 29: 389-398 http://dx.doi.org/10.
1080/01647950308684356
British Trust for Ornithology (BTO), 2001, Data collection and biometrics,
British Trust for Ornithology, UK
Figuerola J., 2000, Ecological correlates of feather mite prevalence in passerines,
Journal of Avian Biology, 31(4): 489-494 http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-
048X.2000.310408.x
Figuerola J., Domenèch J., and Senar J.C., 2002, Plumage colour is related to
ectosymbiont load during moult in the serin,
Serinus serinus
: an experimental
study, Animal Behaviour, 65(3): 551-557 http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/anbe.
2003.2072
Fowler J.A., and Hodson D.P., 1991, Feather lice (Mallophaga) of the
dipper
Cinclus cinclus
in central Wales, Ringing and Migration, 12(1):
43-45 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/030 78698.1991.9673983
Galvan I., and Sanz J.J., 2006, Feather mite abundance increases with
uropygial gland size and plumage yellowness in great tits,
Parus major
,
Ibis, 148(4): 687-697 http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919X.2006.005 76.x
Galvan I., Barba E., Piculo R., Cantó J.L., Cortés V., Monrós J.S., Atiénsar
F., and Proctor H., 2007, Feather mites and birds: an interaction
mediated by uropygial gland size? Journal of Evolutionary Biology,
21(1): 133-144 PMid: 18028353
Gaud J., and Atyeo W.T., 1996, Feather mites of the world (Acarina,
Astigmata): the supraspecific taxa, Ann. Sci. Zool., 277: 1-193
Hamstra T.L., and Badyaev A.V., 2008, Comprehensive investigation of
ectoparasite community and abundance across life history stages of
avian host, Journal of Zoology, 278(2): 91-99 http://dx.doi.org/10.
1111/j.1469-7998.2008. 00547.x
Harper D.G.C., 1999, Feather mites, pectoral muscle condition, wing length
and plumage coloration of passerines, Animal Behaviour, 58(3):
553-562 http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/anbe. 1999.1154 PMid:10479371
Hartup B.K., Stott-Messick B., Guzy M., Ley D.H., 2004, Health survey of
house finches (
Carpodacus mexicanus
) from Wisconsin, Avian
Diseases, 48(1): 84-90 http://dx.doi.org/10.1637/7067 PMid:15077801
Jovani R., and Serrano D., 2004, Fine-tuned distribution of feather mites
(Astigmata) on the wing of birds: the case of blackcaps
Sylvia
atricapilla
, Journal of Avian Biology, 35(1): 16-20 http://dx.doi.org/10.
1111/j.0908-8857.2004. 03213.x
McClure H.E., 1989, Occurrence of feather mites (Proctophyllodidae) among
birds of Ventura county lowlands, California, Journal of Field Ornithology,
60(4): 431-450
Moller A.P., de Lope F., and Saino N., 2004, Parasitism, immunity, and
arrival date in a migratory bird, the barn swallow, Ecology, 85(1):
206-219 http://dx.doi.org/10. 1890/02-0451
Poulin R., 1991, Group-living and infestation by ectoparasites in passerines,
The Condor, 93: 418-423 http://dx.doi.org/ 10.2307/1368958
Proctor H.C., 2003, Feather mites (Acari: Astigmata): ecology, behavior,
and evolution, Annual Review of Entomology, 48: 185-209
http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.48.091801.112725 PMid: 12208 818
Proctor H., and Owens I., 2000, Mites and birds: diversity, parasitism and
coevolution, Tree, 15(9): 358-364 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0169-
5347(00)01924-8
Rivas-Martinez S., Penas A., and Diaz T.E., 2001, Biogeographic map of
Europe, Mapping Service, University of León, León, Spain
Svensson L., Grant P.J., Mullarney K., and Zetterström D., 1999, Collins
bird guide: the most complete guide to the birds of Britain and Europe,
Harper Collins Publishers, London, UK
Thompson C.W., Hillgarth N., Leu M., and McClure H.E., 1997, High
parasite load in house finches (
Carpodacus mexicanus
) is correlated
with reduced expression of a sexually selected trait, The American
Naturalist, 149(2): 270-294 http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/285990