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International Journal of Molecular Veterinary Research
2013, Vol.3, No.4, 9-12
http://ijmvr.sophiapublisher.com
9
Research Report
Open Access
Obstructive Urolithiasis in Canine- Ultrasonographic and Radiographic Observations
Prem Singh , S.K. Chawla , Subash Chander , S.M. Behl , R.K. Chandolia , Rishi Tayal
College of Veterinary Sciences, LLRUVAS, Hisar-125004
Corresponding author email: pswatch05@yahoo.co.in;
Authors
International Journal of Molecular Veterinary Research, 2013, Vol.3, No.4 doi: 10.5376/ijmvr.2013.03.0004
Received: 11 Mar., 2013
Accepted: 20 Mar., 2013
Published: 07 Apr., 2013
Copyright
© 2013 Singh et al. This is an open access article published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted
use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Preferred citation for this article:
Singh et al., 2013, Obstructive Urolithiasis in Canine- Ultrasonographic and Radiographic Observations, International Journal of Molecular Veterinary
Research, Vol.3, No.4 9-12 (doi: 10.5376/ ijmvr.2013.03.0004)
Abstract
Ten dogs, seven male and three female between age group of 5~7 years were brought to TVCC with the history of
difficulty in urination. Dogs were not responding to medicinal treatment. The dogs were dull, depressed and dehydrated showing
signs of abdominal pain on palpation. Polyethylene catheter could not be passed into the urethra. Blood examination showed mild
anemia, increased T.L.C., D.L.C. and PCV values. Biochemical values indicated high creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, SGOT and
SGPT. Radiographs showed presence of cystoliths and urethroliths but ultrasonogram showed presence of nephroliths, cystoliths and
nephroliths. Dogs were prepa
red for surgery under xylazine
and ketamine combination. Urethrotomy was done to remove all the
calculi. Para-median cystotomy was done to remove cystoliths in males and median cystotomy was performed in females.
Post-operative care was done with course of antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, diuretics, B-complex and fluid therapy and daily
antiseptic dressing. Skin sutures and polyethylene catheter were removed after 14 days and all dogs started passing urine normally.
Keywords
Canine; Obstructive urolithiasis; Urethrotomy; Cystotomy radiography ultrasonography
Background
Obstructive urolithiasis is the most common condition
of the urinary system in dogs. This may be due to
infection, certain deficiencies and mineral imbalances.
Sometimes the calculi get lodged at all the three
positions i.e. kidney, urinary bladder and urethra and
are difficult to manage. In such unusual cases
radiographic and ultrasonographic observations are
variable. The cystoliths and urethroliths may produce
different
image than the original
during
ultrasonography due to acoustic interface. Similarly
the image of nephroliths can also be different. Present
study was carried out to record these changes of
appearance of nephroliths, cystoliths and urethroliths
on radiograph as well as on ultra sonogram and how
to manage such type of unusual cases of obstructive
urolithiasis by medicinal and surgical methods.
1 Results and Discussion
The dogs started passing urine immediately after the
surgery and all dogs made an uneventful recovery. The
cases of obstructive urolithiasis are considered
emergency cases in all domestic animals. In large
animals diagnosis and evacuation of urine from the
urinary bladder through rectum is comparatively
easier as compared to small animals. In dogs and cats,
radiography and ultrasonography are the only
diagnostic methods in cases of obstructive urolithiasis
(Kyles et al., 2005; Sharma et al., 2005). Radiography
is being used to detect the presence of urethroliths and
cystoliths for the last many years but now a day’s
ultrasonography is also in use to detect the occurrence
of urethroliths, cystoliths and nephroliths. The
ultrasonographic appearance of shape of calculi is
different from that of radiography. These observations
were made in ten dogs. The shape of cystoliths in
different dogs is variable and resemble to that of shape
of eclipsed moon. The position of small calculi was
sometime difficult to detect on ultrasonogram both in
urinary bladder and urethra due to acoustic interface
which is much easier to locate on radiograph. The
ultrasonographic image of the os-penis is also
observed to be different from that of radiograph. It can
be depicted in form of thin lines on ultrasonogram.
Most interesting feature of change in interface is
observed in case of nephroliths. The nephroliths are