Intl. J. of Mol. Ecol. and Conserv. 2012, Vol. 2, No.1, 1-7
http://ijmec.sophiapublisher.com
6
environmental rather than genetic causes (Ehrlich and
Murphy, 1987). Conservation efforts should therefore
be distributed proportionally to threats posed by any
factor, and as shown by most studies, most genetic
threats are currently not priorities for many species.
References
Allendorf F.W., and Ryman N., 2002, The role of genetics in population
viability analysis, In: Beissinger S.R., and McCullough D.R. (eds.),
Population viability analysis, Univesity of Chicago Press, Chicago,
pp.50-85
Amos W., and Balmford A., 2001, When does conservation genetics matter?
Heredity, 87(3): 257-265 http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2540.2
001.00940.x PMid:11737272
Burton R.S., 1990, Hybrid breakdown in physiological response: a
mechanistic approach, Evolution, 44(7): 1806-1813 http://dx.doi.org/10.
2307/2409509
Byers D.L., and Waller D.M., 1999, Do plant populations purge their
genetic load? effects on population size and mating history on
inbreeding depression, Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 30:
479-513 http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.30.1.479
Caro T.M., and Laurenson M.K., 1994, Ecological and genetic factors in
conservation: a cautionary tale, Science, 263(5146): 485-486
http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.8290956 PMid:8290956
Castro-prieto A., Wachter B., and Sommer S., 2011, Cheetah paradigm
revisited: MHC diversity in the world's largest free-ranging population,
Molecular
Biology
and
Evolution,
28(4):
1455-1468
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/ms q330 PMid:21183613
Coltman D.W., Pilkington J.G., Smith J.A. and Pemberton J.M., 1999,
Parasite-mediated selection against inbred sheep in a free-living, island
population, Evolution, 53(4): 1259-1267 http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/
2640828
Daniels S.J., and Walters J.R., 2000, Inbreeding depression on natal
dispersal in red-cockaded woodpeckers, Condor, 102(3): 482-491
http://dx.doi.org/10.1650/0010-5422(2000)102[0482:IDAIEO]2.0.CO;2
Edmands S., 1999, Heterosis and outbreeding depression in interpopulation
crosses spanning a wide range of divergence, Evolution, 53(6):
1757-1768 http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2640438
Ehrlich P.R., and Murphy D.D., 1987, Conservation lessons from long-term
studies of checkerspot butterflies, Conservation Biology, 1(2): 122-131
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.1987.tb00021.x
Gaggiotti O.E., 2003, Genetic threats to population persistence, Annales
Zoologici Fennici, 40, 155-168
Gaggiotti, O.E. and Vetter R.D., 1999, Effect of life history strategy,
environmental variability, and overexploitation on the genetic diversity
of pelagic fish populations, Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic
Sciences, 56: 1376-1388 http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-56-8-1376
Garcia-Dorado A., Lopez-Fanjul C., and Caallero A., 1999, Properties of
spontaneous mutations affecting quantitative traits, Genetical Research,
74: 341-350 http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0016672 399004206
Gemmell N.J., Burg T.M., Boyd I.L., and Amos W., 2001, Low
reproductive success in territorial male Antarctic fur seals
(Arctocephalus gazella) suggests the existence of alternative mating
strategies, Molecular Ecology, 10(2): 451-460 http://dx.doi.org/
10.1046/j.1365-294x.2001.01186.x PMid:11298959
Groombridge J.J., Jones C.G., Bruford M.W., and Nichols R.A., 2000,
Conservation biology: 'Ghost' alleles of the Mauritius kestrel, Nature,
403: 616 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35001148 PMid:10688188
Hedrick P.N., and Kim T.J., 2000, Genetics of complex polymorphisms:
parasites and maintenance of the major histocompatibility complex
variation, In: Sing S.R., and Krimbas C.B.(eds.), Evolutionary genetics:
from molecules to morphology, Cambidge University Press, Cambidge,
pp.204-234
Higgins K., and Lynch M., 2001, Metapopulation extinction caused by mutation
accumulation, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 98(5):
2928-2933 http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.031358898 PMid: 1122 6343
PMCid: 30242
Hoelzel A.R., Halley J., O'brien S.J., Campagna C., Arnborm T., Le Boeuf
B., Ralls K., and Dover G. A., 1993, Elephant seal genetic variation
and the use of simulation models to investigate historical population
bottlenecks, Journal of Heredity, 84: 443-449 PMid:7505788
Jimenez J.A., Hughes K.A., Alaks G., Graham L., and Lacy R.C., 1994, An
experimental study of inbreeding depression in a natural habitat,
Science, 266(5183): 271-273 http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.79396
61 PMid:7939661
Keller L.F. and Waller D.M., 2002, Inbreeding effects in wild populations,
Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 17(5): 230-241 http://dx.doi.org/10.
1016/S0169-5347(02)02489-8
Kimura M., 1990, Some models of neutral evolution, compensatory
evolution, and the shifting balance process, Theoretical Population
Biology, 37: 150-158 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-5809(90) 9003 2-Q
Kondrashov A.S., 1995, Contamination of the genome by very slightly
deleterious mutations: why have we not died 100 times over, Journal of
Theoretical Biology, 175(4): 583-594 http://dx. doi.org/10.1006/
jtbi.1995.0167 PMid: 7475094
Lande R., 1994, Risk of population extinction from fixation of new deleterious
mutations, Evolution, 48(5): 1460-1469 http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2410 240
Lynch M., and Gabriel W., 1990, Mutation load and the survival of small
populations, Evolution, 44(7): 1725-1737 http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/ 2409 502
Marr A.B., Keller L.F., and Arcese P., 2002, Heterosis and outbreeding
depression in descendants of natural immigrants to an inbred
population of song sparrows (Melospiza melodia), Evolution, 56(1):