International Journal of Marine Science 2014, Vol.4, No.50, 1-22
http://ijms.biopublisher.ca
16
exposure for seven days had a more pronounced effect
on gene expression than exposure to a stable, elevated
temperature for two days, as well as whether corals of
the UWS were more responsive at the mRNA level
than those of the NUWS, respectively. Unless
otherwise noted, all error terms presented represent
standard error of the mean (SEM).
Authors’ contributions
ABM conducted the experiments, performed the nucleic acid
extractions, executed the real-time PCR assays, and wrote the
manuscript. YHC and CFD conducted the host coral
genotyping-based laboratory analyses and analyzed the
genotyping data. CSC contributed resources and materials that
were instrumental to the study’s success. All authors read and
approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgements
Gratitude is given to Drs. Tung-Yung Fan and Hollie Putnam,
as well as Ms. Pei-Hsun Chan, for assistance with both coral
collection and conducting of the VTE. We would also like to
thank Dr. Yi-Yuong Hsiao for the sharing of laboratory space
within which the nucleic acid and protein extractions were
conducted. Drs. Glen Watson and Joseph Neigel of the
Department of Biology of the University of Louisiana,
Lafayette are also graciously thanked for their sharing of
laboratory space in which the majority of the real-time
PCR-based analyses were performed. This work was funded by
the National Science Foundation (NSF) of the United States of
America via an international postdoctoral research fellowship
to ABM (NSF-OISE: 0852960). National Science Council
(Taiwan) grants to CFD (NSC 101-2611-M-002-019
)
funded
the genotyping work. Funds from the Khaled bin Sultan Living
Oceans Foundation and Taiwan’s National Museum of Marine
Biology and Aquarium were also of critical importance to the
success of this work.
References
Akerfelt M., Morimoto R.I., and Sistonen, L., 2010, Heat Shock Factors:
Integrators of Cell Stress, Development and Lifespan, Nature Reviews
Molecular Cell Biology, 11: 545-555
Ayre D.J., and Hughes T.P., 2000, Genotypic Diversity and Gene Flow in
Brooding and Spawning Corals Along the Great Barrier Reef, Australia,
Evolution, 54:(5): 1590-1605
Barshis D.J., Ladner J.T., Oliver T.A., Seneca F.O., Traylor-Knowles N., and
Palumbi S.R., 2013, Genomic Basis for Coral Resilience to Climate
Change, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the
United States of America, 110: 1387-1392
Bongaerts P., Riginos C., Hay K.B., van Oppen M.J.H., Hoegh-Guldberg O.,
and Dove S., 2011, Adaptive Divergence in a Scleractinian Coral:
Physiological Adaptation of
Seriatopora hystrix
to Shallow and Deep
Reef Habitats, BMC Evolutionary Biology,
11: 303
Bower N.I, Moser R.J., Hill J.R., and Lehnert S.A., 2007, Universal
Reference Method for Real-Time PCR Gene Expression Analysis of
Preimplantation Embryos, Biotechniques, 42: 199-206
Chen C.A., Yang Y.W., Wei N.V., Tsai W.S., and Fang L.S., 2005, Symbiont
Diversity in Scleractinian Corals from Tropical Reefs and Subtropical
Non-Reef Communities in Taiwan, Coral Reefs, 24: 11-22
Chen C.T.A., Hsing L.Y., Liu C.L., Wang S.L., 2004, Degree of Nutrient
Consumption of Upwelled Water in the Taiwan Strait Based on Dissolved
Organic Phosphorus or Nitrogen, Marine Chemistry, 87: 73-86
Chen W.N.U., Kang H.J., Weis V.M., Mayfield A.B., Fang L.S., and Chen
C.S., 2012, Diel Rhythmicity of Lipid Body Formation in a
Coral-
Symbiodinium
Endosymbiosis, Coral Reefs, 31: 521-534
Coles S.L., and Brown B.E., 2003, Coral Bleaching- Capacity for
Acclimatization and Adaptation, Advances in Marine Biology, 46: 183-223
Correa A.M.S., McDonald M.D., and Baker A.C., 2009, Development of
Clade-Specific
Symbiodinium
Primers for Quantitative PCR (qPCR)
and Their Application to Detecting Clade D Symbionts in Caribbean
Corals, Marine Biology, 156: 2403-2411
Crawley A., Kline D.A., Dunn S., Anthony K., and Dove S., 2010, The
Effect of Ocean Acidification on Symbiont Photorespiration and
Productivity in
Acropora
formosa
, Global Change Biology, 16: 851-863
DeSalvo M.K., Voolstra C.R., Sunagawa S., Schwartz J.A., Stillman J.H.,
Coffroth M.A., Szmant A.M., and Medina M., 2008, Differential Gene
Expression During Thermal Stress and Bleaching in the Caribbean
coral
Montastraea faveolata
, Molecular Ecology, 17: 3952-3971
Dong Y., Miller L.P., Sanders J.G., and Somero G.N., 2008, Heat-Shock Protein
70 (Hsp70) Expression in Four Limpets of the Genus Lottia: Interspecific
Variation in Constitutive and Inducible Synthesis Correlates with
in situ
Exposure to Heat Stress, Biological Bulletin, 215: 173-181
Doo S.S., Mayfield A.B., Chen H.K., Byrne M., Fan T.Y., 2012, Reduced
Expression of the Rate-Limiting Carbon Fixation Enzyme RuBisCO in
the Benthic Foraminifer
Baculogypsina sphaerulata
in Response to
Heat Shock, Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 430:
63-67
Fan T.Y., Lin K.H., Kuo F.W., Soong K., Liu L.L., and Fang L.S., 2006,
Diel Patterns of Larval Release by Five Brooding Scleractinian Corals,
Marine Ecology Progress Series, 321: 133-142
Feder M., 1996, Ecological and evolutionary physiology of stress proteins
and the stress response: the
Drosophila melanogaster
model, In:
Johnston I.A., Bennett A.F. (eds.), Animals and Temperature:
Phenotypic and Evolutionary Adaptation. Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, UK, pp.79-102
Foret S., Kassahn K.S., Grasso L.C., Hayward D.C., Iguchi A., Ball E.E.,
and Miller D.J., 2007, Genomic and Microarray Approaches to Coral
Reef Conservation Biology, Coral Reefs, 26(3): 475-486
Furla P., Galgani I., Durand I., and Allemand D., 2000, Sources and
Mechanisms of Inorganic Carbon Transport for Coral Calcification and
Photosynthesis, The Journal of Experimental Biology,
203: 3445-3457
Gates R.D., and Edmunds P.J., 1999, The Physiological Mechanisms of
Acclimatization in Tropical Reef Corals, Integrative and Comparative
Biology, 39: 30-43
Goudet J., 2001, FSTAT: A Program to Estimate and Test Gene Diversities
and Fixation Indices (ver. 2.9.3). Available from