Basic HTML Version
International Journal of Marine Science 2014, Vol.4, No.18: 166-178
http://ijms.sophiapublisher.com
166
Research Article Open Access
Increasing CO
2
Concentration Impact upon Natural Phytoplankton Community
at Spermonde Island, Indonesia: Mesocosm Study
Nita Rukminasari
1,
, Muhammad Lukman
1
, Sahabuddin
2
1. Marine Science and Fisheries Faculty, Hasanuddin University, Indonesia
2. Research Institution for Coastal Aquaculture, Maros, Indonesia
Corresponding author email:
nita.r@unhas.ac.id
International Journal of Marine Science, 2014, Vol.4, No.18 doi: 10.5376/ijms.2014.04.0018
Received: 08 Dec., 2013
Accepted: 20 Jan., 2014
Published: 24 Feb., 2014
Copyright
©
2014 Rukminasari et al., This is an open access article published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits
unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Preferred citation for this article:
Rukminasari et al., 2014, Increasing CO
2
Concentration Impact upon Natural Phytoplankton Community at Spermonde Island, Indonesia: Mesocosm Study,
International Journal of Marine Science, Vol.4, No.18: 166-178 (doi: 10.5376/ijms.2014.04.0018)
Abstract
Ocean acidification is one of an environment problem due to increasing CO2 concentration. Ocean acidification have
shown a negatively impact to marine organisms especially calcifying organisms such as microalgae, coral reef and other invertebrate
organisms. Decreasing in carbonate saturation state on the calcification rates of individual species and communities in both
planktonic and benthic habitats were occurred due to seawater acidification.
The study was conducted at three locations: Barru, Takalar and Barrang Lompo Island using mesocosm technique with two different
of incubation periods (48 and 96 hours). Six pCO
2
level based on adding acid base treatments were used, which were 280, 380, 550,
650, 750 and 1000 ppm with 4 replicates
In general, alkalinity decreased with increasing CO
2
concentration. However, length of incubation was showed no significant
affected to DIC for all CO
2
concentration at Barru and Barrang Lompo mesocosm experiment. PIC and POC showed a varied
response between all locations of mesocosms experiment. There was a trend where increasing of POC with increasing of CO
2
concentration. PIC concentration at Barru and Takalar showed a slightl higher at 96 hours than 48 hours of incubation period and for
Barrang Lompo mesocosm experiment PIC was higher at 48 hours than 96 hours of incubation period. Chlorophyll a and cell
abundance was decresing with increasing CO
2
concentration. Growth, photosynthesis and calcification rate decreased with increasing
CO
2
concentration.
Keywords
Ocean acidification; Calcifying microalgae; Calcification rate; Natural phytoplankton community; Mesocosm study;
Spermonde Islands
1 Introduction
Nowadays, CO
2
concentration in the atmosphere
increase dramatically due to increasing human
activities. Sources of CO
2
emission mostly are through
fossil fuel utilization, cement production and biomass
burning (Gattuso et al., 1998). Approximately half of
the released CO
2
remains in the atmosphere, presently
increasing p CO
2
at a rate of 0.4% per yr (Houghton et
al., 1996). Meanwhile, CO
2
uptake by surface
seawater increases the concentration of dissolved
inorganic carbon and decrease pH. Furthermore,
increased concentration of dissolved CO
2
results in a
decreased carbonate concentration and therefore, a
decreased saturation state (Gattuso et al, 1998, 1999).
Those conditions create ocean acidification.
Ocean acidification and the related changes in
seawater chemistry may directly impact marine
organisms and ecosystem. It will also lead to a
decrease in the saturation state of seawater with
respect to calcite and aragonite, two common forms of
calcium carbonate secreted by marine calcifying
organisms (Orr et al., 2005). Zeebe and Gladrow
(2003) have calculated that, if the pCO
2
was doubled
in the sea water, the concentration of carbonate should
be reduced by 50% approximately, and the pH by 0.35
unit. Calcification of marine calcareous organisms is
strongly dependent on the carbonate saturation state of
seawater, suggesting that ocean acidification will
adversely affect marine calcifying taxa, with
potentially severe implication for marine ecosystems
such as coral reefs (Kleypas et al., 1999). Seawater
acidification and the related decrease in carbonate
saturation state negatively impacted on the calcification
rates of individual species and communities in both