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International Journal of Marine Science 2013, Vol.3, No.46, 389-401
http://ijms.sophiapublisher.com
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to promote ICZM in Egypt since the mid 1990s (see
Table 1). However, none of these efforts has achieved
its goal of ICZM plan in operation yet (Ibrahim,
2013). ICZM initiatives in Egypt can be divided into
two phases. The first one started in 1995 with the
setting up of the National Committee for ICZM
(NCICZM), which led to the preparation of a
national ICZM framework and the development of two
Table 1 Egypt’s ICZM initiatives
Egypt’s ICZM initiatives
Time line
Setting up the National Committee for ICZM
(NCICZM)
Setup in 1995 Stop working in 2001
National Level
Preparing a national ICZM framework
Prepared 1996
FUKA-Matrouh Coastal Area Management
Programme (CAMP)
Started in 1993 Completed in 1999
ICZM first phase
initiatives
From 1995 to
2005
Local Level
Red Sea Coastal andMarine ResourceManagement
programme (RSCMRMP)
Started in 1994 Completed 2002
Re-establishing the NCICZM
Re-established 2007
The new environmental regulations (Law 9/2009) Enacted 2009
National Level
Preparing the National ICZM Strategy for Egypt Started 2008 Not yet completed
Alexandria Lake Maryut Integrated
Management (ALAMIM)
Started in 2006 Completed in 2009
Plan of action for an ICZM in the area of Port
Said
Started in 2006 Completed in 2009
ICZM second phase initiatives
From 2005
until present
Local Level
Integrated Coastal Zone Management between
Matrouh and El Sallum (MSICZMP)
Started in 2006 Completed in 2010
local projects. This phase lasted until 2001, when
largely because of a lack of international donor
funding, combined with inactivity within the
NCICZM, the experiment ceased to be active (DAME,
2004). The second phase started in 2005 following an
amendment of the national environmental regulations.
This enhanced the power of the Egyptian
Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA) by giving it
the power to approve or refuse any new, or extension
to projects in the coastal zone based upon the results
of a required EIA. About the same time, three new
local ICZM projects were started, supported by
international donor agencies actively promoting
sounder and more sustainable development of Egypt’s
Mediterranean Coastal Zone which was under intense
environmental pressure. In 2007 the EEAA took a lead
in trying to re-establish the NCICZM and started in
2008 to prepare national ICZM strategy to provide a
framework for local action.
2.2 Evaluating ICZM initiatives in Egypt
It is clear from best practice in ICZM that integration
in all dimensions is essential for effective ICZM
policy and practice (Jennings and Lockie, 2003,
Courtney and White, 2000). This section evaluates the
integration in ICZM initiatives based on answering the
following questions: Have the integrating dimensions
been recognized in ICZM initiatives? Do all the
participating stakeholders at all levels collaborate with
each other? Which integration mechanisms have been
used in order to implement ICZM? Are they effective?
ICZM in Egypt suffers from a lack of integration in all
of its dimensions. For instance, one of the
interviewees claimed that
“coordination between
agencies in Egypt in the field of coastal management is
still ad hoc and based on no clear system”
. In this
regard, the World Bank (2005) highlights that the
motives for cooperation and integration in coastal
management are very low. In the same way, one of
the interviewees noted that “
Poor coordination among
government departments and weak integrated
management capacity has greatly hampered the
management and development of the coastal zone”
.
Nawar and Kashef (2007) emphasize the fact that
there is a lack of adequate coordination between
stakeholders that hinders integration between
horizontal levels. For example, the Shore Protection