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International Journal of Marine Science 2013, Vol.3, No.46, 389-401
http://ijms.sophiapublisher.com
391
Likewise, Olsen et al. (1999) argue that integration is
a fundamental element in coastal management. It
involves breaking down sectoral barriers by getting
agencies to recognize their impact on other sectors,
communities and the environment. Increased
coordination among government agencies, and with
outside organizations, involves a combination of
amending mandates to coastal management objectives
and offers incentives to influence institutional
behaviour. In addition, achieving ICZM is based on
the many dimensions of integration that need to be
addressed (Olsen et al., 1997).Again, Bower and
Kerry Turner (1998) support the view that an
integrated approach to coastal zone planning and
management is necessary in order to produce
effectively, efficiently and equitably distribution of the
benefits of ICZM. Furthermore, Clark (1997) and
Jennings and Lockie (2003) argue that the repetitive
theme of ICZM is integration, without which the
programme will fail. In the same way, Courtney and
White (2000) argue that the key lesson generated by
the government of the Philippines coastal
management projects is that it is extremely difficult to
plan and implement successful ICZM programmes
without a multi-sectoral approach and collaborative
planning.
Therefore, overcoming the policy and functional
fragmentation and overlaps between functions that
occur in the governance of coastal areas is a central
goal of ICZM. Furthermore, the preliminary step
towards sustainable coastal management is to develop
management plans for integrated coastal systems.
1.3 Dimensions of integration
The notion of ‘
integration’
is often used
indiscriminately. However, in the present context,
integration is considered in many of the guidance and
lessons-learned documents based around six
dimensions (see for example Clark, 1997, Ehler et al.,
1997, Linkov et al., 2006, Pedersen et al., 2005,
Belfiore et al., 2003, McGlashan, 2002, McGlashan,
2000, Kosiek et al., 2003, Cicin-Sain and Belfiore,
2005, Belfiore et al., 2006, Tobey and Volk, 2002).
Namely:
Integration of policies and programmes across and
among sectors of the economy (e.g. economic
development, transportation, recreation and agriculture).
‘Policy integration’ is a fundamental element of ICZM.
It involves breaking down sectoral barriers by getting
agencies to recognize their impact on other sectors,
communities and the environment. Increased
coordination among government agencies and with
outside organizations involves a combination of
amending mandates to coastal management objectives
and offering incentives to influence institutional
behaviour.
Vertical integration (intergovernmental integration):
integration among agencies involved in coastal
management at all levels of government i.e. bringing
together several levels of government from national to
regional and local.
Horizontal integration (inter-sectoral integration): in
other words, bringing together agencies and groups
from different sectors involved in the planning and
management, such as agriculture, irrigation, fisheries,
tourism, conservation, etc.
Integration between public- and private-sector
management activities.
Spatial integration: integration between management
actions that affect the land and water environments of
coastal areas. To put it more simply, bringing together
management issues concerning the land side of the
coastal zone (including up-river issues related to
watersheds and river basins) and issues related to the
ocean side.
Integration among the disciplines of coastal
management, including ecology, economics, engineering
and political science to secure comprehensive and
multidisciplinary analysis and reflection. In other
words, applying practical knowledge from the natural
and social sciences to managerial decisions about the
oceans and coasts.
To sum up, integration has different dimensions which
need a clear mechanism to tackle the fragmentation
between the various actors and dimensions.
1.4 Integration mechanisms
Fragmentation and shared responsibilities among
ministries are realities likely to prevail. However, the
integration in coastal management is what distinguishes
the endeavour from traditional management. Success
depends on co-ordination of efforts and effective