Page 10 - 797-IJMS-Dr. Soeprobowati

International Journal of Marine Science 2013, Vol.3, No.27, 212-218
http://ijms.sophiapublisher.com
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purpureum, Scenedesmus abundans, Scenedesmus
quadricauda, Scenedesmus subspicatus, Spirogyra sp.,
Spirulina platensis, Stichococcus bacillaris and
Stigeoclonium tenue were a good biosorbant heavy
metal ion (Brinza et al., 2007). Spirulina sp was
biosorbant of Cr3+ , Cd2+ and Cu2+ ions (Chojnacka et
al., 2005).
Bioaccumulation is a process of chemical absorption
by organisms from all routes in the environment,
including from food and chemical elimination from
organism through respiratory, fecal excretion, and
metabolic biotransformation and growth emasculation
(Arnot dan Gobas, 2006). Bioaccumulation can be
used to identify the negative impact of environmental
degradation to the organism (McGeer et al., 2003).
Aquatic organism could accumulate chemical compound
directly form the environment through skin and
intestinal digestion surface, or indirectly from
chemical compound accumulation from food
(Ivanciuc et al. , 2006).
Bioaccumulation Factor (BAF) is the ratio of
accumulated chemical compound in the organism and
the concentration of chemical compound of the
environment. There was a fundamental difference
between BCF and BAF. BCF is the degree of
absorption process of chemical compound by
organism from environment through respiration or
skin surface. That’s why BCF was used to determine
bioaccumulation under controlled laboratory
experiment. BAF is similar to BCF, but with dietary
chemical exposure, usually measured under field
condition (Arnot and Gobas, 2006).
BCF had been used for fish, but it was possible to
calculate BCF of microalgae. The concentration of
heavy metals on the microalgae reflected the heavy
metal concentration on its environment. Research that
had been done in the Uganda’s river was similar to the
result of this laboratory experiment, that microalgae,
particularly P. cruentum was a bioaccumulator of Cu >
Pb > Cd (Sekabira et al., 2011).
The BCF value that greater than 1 ppm indicated
heavy metal accumulator, however, it will be a
good bioaccumulator when the BCF was greater than
1,000 ppm (Conti and Cecchetti, 2003). Based on the
Conti and Cecchetti (2003) criteria, result of this
research shown that P. cruentum was only in the
category of bioaccumulator, rather than good
bioaccumulator similar to the result of Sekabira et al
(2011). However, it does not mean that P. cruentum do
not good bioaccumulator, since Conti and Cecchetti
(2003) developed BCF for fish, therefore it was
difficult to gain the criteria of good bioaccumulator
for microalgae due to the microscopic size that was
very difficult to reach BCF of more than 1,000 ppm.
However, the short of accumulation time was the
advantages of P. cruentum as a good organism to
remediate heavy metal pollution.
2 Materials and Methods
P. cruentum stock was collected from Main Center
Brackish water Aquaculture Development,
Jepara-Indonesia. All equipments had been sterilized to
eliminate or minimize the presence of
microorganisms or substances bullies on tools and
cultivation media during the study. 1 liter sea water
with a salinity of 28 ppt that enriched with Walne
medium was used as a culture media. During the
treatments, pH, temperature, salinity, and light
intensity were maintained to be stabile on 7~8, 28℃
~32 ℃, 32~34 ppt, and 4,200 lux, respectively.
Porphyridium requires trace heavy metals concentration;
however, there were many industries that discharged
their wastes in high concentration above the waste
standard criteria. Indonesia Government Regulation
of Ministry of Environment Criteria for industrial
waste stated maximum concentration of Pb, Cd,
and Cu were 1, 0.1, 2 mg/L. Costa and Franca (2003)
used the concentration of 42.3±2.0 and 61.2±1.1 mg/L
to determine the Cd uptake by Tetraselmis chuii .
Belokobylsky (2004) used Cr concentration of 3 mg/L
to determine the accumulation on the Spirulina
platensis. Syahputra (2008) treated Chlorella
pyrenoidosa with 3.29 mg/L Cu from metal plated
industry.
The 1, 3, and 5 mg concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu, and
Cr were exposed to the P. cruentum culture,
respectively. These concentrations were arranged
based researches mentioned above, and on the
preliminary study on the 0.5 mg/L that induced alga
growth (Soeprobowati and Hariyati, 2012).
The trace elements were added to the culture media in
the form of Pb (NO3), 3Cd SO4.8H2O, CuCl2.2H2O,
and CrCl 3.6H2O. The initial concentration on the