International Journal of Horticulture 2015, Vol. 5, No.16, 1
-
6
5
wheat, and sugarcane in Pakistan (Sultana and Wagan,
2011). The early stage nymphs of various stages of
Hieroglyphus perpolita
(Uvarov),
H. oryzivorus
Carl
and
H. nigrorepletus
I. Bolivar under laboratory
conditions were more susceptible for fipron il
compared to later stage nymphs or the adults (Sultana
and Wagan, 2011). Fipronil applied at the rate of 0.6 g
a.i./ha in the field successfully suppressed outbreaks
of adult grasshoppers, including
Oedaleus senegalensis
Krauss and
Acrotylus blondeli
Saussure, with 47%
mortality obtained in 2 days and 91% in 10 days
(Balanca and Visscher, 1997). Low doses of fipronil
(5-20 g a.i. ha
-1
) effectively controlled the brown
locust,
Locustuna purdalina
(Walker), the African
migratory locust,
Locusta migratoria
migratorioides
(Reiche & Fairmaire), and the desert locust in
laboratory and field tests, (Butler and Du Preez, 1994;
Kriel et al., 1994; Megenasa and Muinamia, 1994;
Price et al., 1994). Fipronil also contributed to the
management of populations of the Colorado potato
beetle
Leptinotarsa decemlineata
(Say) in another
study (Shi
et al
., 2012).
Conclusion
Fipronil is one of the most toxic chemicals for
Trichogramma
used in the agro-ecosystem. It exhibited
high toxicity for emergence of adults as well as
parasitism by
Trichogramm chilonis
even at lower
doses such as both 0.4x and 0.2x doses
.
Acknowledgments
The 5000 indigenous PhD fellowship provided by the Higher
Education Commission of Pakistan to the first author is
strongly acknowledged. The authors are also grateful to the
administration of Nuclear Institute of Food and Agriculture
(NIFA), Tarnab Farm, Peshawar for the provision of the
laboratory facilities for conduct of research. Dr. Hizbullah
Khan of University of Peshawar is also acknowledged for their
help in obtaining permission to work in the NIFA.
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