International Journal of Horticulture, 2017, Vol.7, No.22, 180-204
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Anthurium:
Leaf segments, petiole, flower stalk segments, spathe, spadix.
Chrysanthemum:
Leaf segments, internodes, petals, petioles.
Carnation:
Leaf segments, internodes, petals.
Gerbera
: Leaf, petiole, flower stalk segment.
Gladiolus:
Inflorescence stalk, leaf sections.
Orchids
: Epidermal peelings, leaf segments, root tips, shoot apices.
Rose:
Internodal segments, petals, leaf segments, immature embryos, root segments.
Tuberose:
Leaf segments, inflorescence, stalk segments, shoot apices.
Lily and Amaryllis:
Segments of bulb scales.
In vitro
mutagenesis:
Mutation induction with cell and tissue culture techniques have become popular since a
large population of haploid and diploid cells can be handled in a small space, developing new individuals in a
short period of time.
In vitro
treatments with chemical mutagens occur more uniformly than
in vivo
treatments in
which a controlled environment and culture medium are used.The main attributes of mutant ornamental plant
cultivars obtained through direct propagation of induced mutants are listed below:
Annual ornamental plants
: flower color, more flowers, flower shape, leaf shape, number of flower petals, large
leaf, large plant, small plant, large flower, plant type, growth rate, number of branches, ornamental novelty,
regeneration skill and flower longevity.
Ornamental plants with roots and tubers
: flower color, flower shape, plant type, long stem, leaf color,
neutrality to photoperiod, early blooming, large flower and stem color.
Perennial ornamental plants
: flower color, short stem, small flower petals, striped leaf, vigorous growth, early
blooming, more branches, greater branch density and more flowers.
Somaclonal variation:
Somaclonal variation is to designate all types of variation which occur in plants
regenerated from plant tissue culture. Mechanisms involved in the somaclonal variation induction include gross
karyotypic changes that accompany
in vitro
culture via callus formation, cryptic chromosome rearrangements,
somatic permutation with changes of parts among sister chromatides, transposition of elements, genetic
amplification or decrease, and several combinations of these processes. Somaclonal variations is reported in
Begonia, Chrysanthemum, Kalanchoe etc.
Embryo recovery:
Embryo recovery is effective in interspecific or intergeneric crosses resulting seeds with
abortive embryos. The objective of such crosses is to transfer alleles for disease resistance, environmental stress
tolerance, high yield potential or other desirable characteristics of species or genus to accepted cultivars. One of
the objectives of this technique is to recover rare hybrids derived from incompatible crosses as well as to
overcome seed dormancy by studying the nutritional and physiological aspects of embryo development and by
testing seed viability. These rare hybrids can serve a source of explants with high totipotency tissues.
Haploid culture:
The haploid parts of the plants consist of pollen and embryo sac. There are two major methods
used for haploid production. When pollens are used, called androgenetic methods and if ovules are used called
parthenogenetic method. In haploids, it is easy to detect mutations and to raise isogenies pure lines.
Protoplast fusion:
Protoplasts have been widely applied to biotechnology including plant development, gene
expression and regulation, biochemical studies, studies on cell wall synthesis and the pathogen host interaction
mechanisms in the cells. Protoplasts are isolated in a range of plant tissues and organs, including leaves, fruits,
petioles, cotyledons, stems, floral pedicels, somatic embryos and cell suspensions. Cell suspensions are the most
used to manipulate and have high isolation efficiency.
Protoplasts of
Iris germanica
and
Iris ensata
could be fused by electrofusion.
