International Journal of Horticulture, 2017, Vol.7, No. 10, 75-81
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2 Background Knowledge
2.1 Precision agriculture concepts
There are 5 different types of agricultural mechanization; Hand tools, animal traction, simple mechanization,
mechanization motor, sophisticated technology (precision agriculture, agricultural robots, and agricultural expert
systems (Negrete, 2006) then being precision agriculture is the last stage of agricultural mechanization, which
should tend all agricultural systems.
So that precision farming is the application of technologies and management principles of the spatial and temporal
variability associated with all aspects of agricultural production in order to improve crop produc¬tividad and
environmental quality (Mantovani and Magdalena, 2014).
Currently, the main tools that enable the application of precision agricultura are the systems of global navigation
satellite systems (GNSS) and geographic information systems (GIS), GNSS (popularly known as GPS) receivers
are providing satellite signals the user data on its geographical position and altitude, as well as allowing better
plan the route to follow to carry out demonstrations and then estimate the extent of distances covered. When the
receiver is connected to the agricultural machinery used to harvest or in a user-defined, you can register data on
the geographical location of sampled data, facilitating the georeferencing and the subsequent mapping of the
information gathered in the country.
GIS softwares are composed of several modules dedicated to the storage and processing of data with known
geographic location (geoprocessing) that allows pattern analysis, integration and spatial modeling, monitoring,
simulation and presentation details lot of information in map form , graphs, figures and multimedia systems
(Landau et al., 2014).
The availability of precise global positioning systems and relatively inexpensive, combined with performance
monitors, provide the opportunity to register and instantly map the crop yields at harvest. A yield map is a spatial
representation of performance data recorded during the harvest of a crop. Spatial representation is commonly done
using a vector format and point coordinates (x, y, z) associated with a projection system (latitude and longitude)
geographically refe-rence points. Yield maps are derived from data collected by a combine that includes a global
positioning system (GPS), together with a system of sensors to calculate the amount of grain harvested per unit
area. The information obtained by the sensors and GPS, is stored in a centralized console that interfaces with the
user (Melchiori et al., 2014).There are performance monitors grain crops, cotton, sugarcane and maní.Uno of the
main requirements in precision agriculture is to map the spatial and temporal variability in production units. This
mapping is essential for localized treatment of crops and can be done basi-cally in two ways: in situ and remotely
(Melchiori et al., 2014).
The goal of precision farming is to manage small areas within the field of production to reduce the use of inputs
(fertilizers, seeds, insecticides, etc.) and increase productivity to improve this renbalilidad for farmers and to
improve conditions environmental (Quiroz et al., 2000).
Productivity maps reveal whether or not there is variability in the plot in question of soil and crops for making
decisions regarding the application of inputs, amount to provide increased productivity. This process uses
computers, which perform variable rate application.So there is another option for that same application is the use
of sensors in real time, each method has its disadvantages and advantages (Quiroz et al., 2000).
2.2 Implementation of precision agriculture in developing countries
To assess effective factors on Precision Agriculture adoption in Iran and so, to find out solutions for its faster
development, a descriptive survey research was carried out. The results of this research indicated that the solutions
for Precision Agriculture development are categorized in four fields, namely, economical, technical, managerial
and human resources. Based on the results, proposed solutions for development of Precision Agriculture in Iran
were: decreasing cost of Precision Agriculture equipment and accessories (economical field), improvement of
knowledge about PA and its technologies (Technical field), completion of necessary infrastructures for
