International Journal of Aquaculture, 2016, Vol.6, No.15, 1
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13
9
-7.800) and (3.41-10.89 GL
-1
) reported for the same fish species fed diet containing 0.1% of yeast, red Acalypha
and tetracycline as additives (Osineye et al., 2015). Several factors have been reported to affect the haematological
responses in fish, these include sex, age, size, environmental and physiological conditions (Sowumi, 2003;
Adewole and Gbore, 2006).
Blood biochemistry can also be used as health indicator in fish and is important in assessment of the quality and
suitability of feed ingredients in animals Satheeshkumar et al. (2011). Furthermore, Animashahun et al. (2006)
affirmed that the comparison of blood chemical profiles with nutrient intake might indicate the need for
adjustment of certain nutrients upward or down ward for different population groups. Iyayi and Tewe (1998)
observed that serum urea, total protein and creatinine contents depend on both the quality and quantity of protein
supplied in the diet.
Therefore, the effect of AMX’s diets on serum biochemistry of
C. gariepinus
presented a significant increase in
both protein and albumin, while the globulin increments were not significant both within the tested diets and when
compared with the control. The results obtained here were similar to Faisal (2003) that found serum total protein
increased significantly in the
C
.
gariepinus
after the administration of both ciprofloxacin and amoxicillin
antibiotics. On the other hand Shalaby et al. (2006) reported significant hyperproteinemia in all the fish groups
administered with garlic, except in those that received (40 g garlic/kg) diet and the two highest levels of
chloramphenicol (30 and 45 mg/kg diet).
Blood serum protein is a fairly labile biochemical system, precisely reflecting the condition of the organism and
the changes to it under influence of internal and external factors. Booke (1964) showed that sex, spawning, food,
osmotic pressure, temperature, light, age, hibernation, hormones, oxygen depletion, and season were factors that
demand total serum protein compliment in fish. High serum protein levels have been reported due to improve liver
and other organs functions which synthesized plasma protein (Metwally, 2009) while contrarily, high serum
protein levels have been reported to be indicative of osmoregulatory dysfunction, haemodilution, or tissue damage
surrounding blood vessels (Hille, 1982). Furthermore, the concentration of total protein in blood is used as a basic
index for health, nutritional status and also reflection of altered metabolism in fish (Martinez, 1976; Gbore et al.,
2016).
The blood glucose of
C. gariepinus
fed AMX’s diets revealed a significant reduction at the highest level of
supplementation, while there was marginal non-significant increase in the plasma glucose concentration from the
fish fed AMX2 diet when compared to control. The reduction in glucose concentration observed in this study
agreed with Shalaby et al. (2006), who reported glucose reduction in fish fed diet containing the highest levels of
Allium sativum
(30 and 40 g/kg diet). These results were also similar to (Kumar and Reddy, 1999; Thomson and
Ali, 2003) who found that feeding mice with (40 mg garlic/kg) body weight for 28 days induced significant
decrease in the serum glucose levels. Contrarily, there were significantly elevated (p < 0.001) plasma glucose
level in the
O. niloticus
administered with all doses of chloramphenicol, compared with those fed the control diet
by Shalaby et al. (2006). Furthermore this result is in partial disagreement with those of Tarter (1986) and Faisal
(2003), who verified that plasma glucose concentration in the same fish species increased significantly after oral
administration of ciprofloxacin, amoxicillin and ampicillin. The difference with their positions may be due to the
dosage and duration / length of the drugs usage, since longer duration and higher dosage in this study significantly
reduced the plasma glucose concentrations. Increase blood glucose levels might have been due to glucose shift
from tissues to blood or to an impairment of glucose mobilization. While, glucose concentration reduction in
blood may be attributed to improving the antioxidant system in cell of pancreas to produce insulin (Metwally,
2009).
Plasma enzyme activities in fishes are considered to be a significant factor to assess the state of liver and some
other organs in fish (Verma and Delela, 1981). Therefore, attention has been focused on the changes in AST, ALT
and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities, which promote gluconeogenesis from amino acids, as well as on the
