International Journal of Aquaculture, 2016, Vol.6, No.12, 1
-
11
1
Research Article Open Access
Nutrient Profile of Commercial Aqua-feeds under Different Storage Conditions
Solomon S.G., Tiamiyu L.O., Okomoda V.T.
, Adaga K.
Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria
Corresponding author Email
International Journal of Aquaculture, 2016, Vol.6, No.12 doi
Received: 03 Jan., 2016
Accepted: 13 Apr., 2016
Published: 07 Sep., 2016
Copyright © 2016
Solomon et al., This is an open access article published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits
unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Preferred citation for this article
:
Solomon S.G., Tiamiyu L.O., Okomoda V.T., and
Adaga K., 2016, Nutrient Profile of Commercial Aqua-feeds under Different Storage Conditions,
International Journal of Aquaculture, 6(12): 1-11 (doi
Abstract
This study was conducted to give a detailed account of the nutrient deterioration of fish feed under storage in tropical
condition. Three popular commercial catfish diet were used for this study namely Coppens
®
, Multifeed
®
and Vitafeed
®
. They were
stored under open and air tight conditions for six months. Proximate composition, mineral composition, free fatty acid content, and
peroxide value were monitored monthly during the storage period. Mould count and insect infestation were determined at the end of
the experiment. The nutrients analysis reveals a significant reduction in storage under open condition compared to storage in airtight
conditions. The level of reduction was also dependent on the different commercial diet investigated. Mould infestation of the feed
was noticeable more in the open condition of storage compared to the airtight condition. Insects' infestation was also noticed in the
open storage condition. The insect's species identified on the feed were;
Gryllus assimilis
,
Blatta orientalis
,
Solenopsis
germinate
,
Delia platura
,
Phaenicia sericata
, Damistid beetle and Larder Beetle.
Keywords
Aflatoxin proximate composition; Insect infestation; Peroxide value (POV) and Free Fatty Acid (FFA) FFA; POV
1 Introduction
The prevailing climatic conditions in the tropical regions of the world (with temperature and relative humidity
over 25°C and 70% respectively) accelerate moldy growth and lipid oxidation of stored feed, (Berger, 1989;
Coppen, 1989; Van den, 1990; Adaga, 2014). According to Bautista et al., (1992) and Ramezandeh et al., (1999)
storage at high temperature result in an increase in both oxidative and hydrolytic rancidity with a loss in feed
quality. Studies by Hamilton, (1989), Van Dan et al., (1990) and Ruiz et al., (2000) indicate that fats are
intrinsically unstable when subjected to a high temperature above 300C. Under such conditions, fats are
hydrolyzed to release ketonic acids, which further undergo auto-oxidation with degeneration of racial products
(Hamilton 1989).
Rancidity results in loss of quality and acceptability, causing reduced feed intake in fish, (Galliard, 1989; Sanders,
1989). Similarly, NRC, (1981), reported that feed stored for longer than 90 days at ambient temperature is
subjected to the breakdown of oil, and vitamins along with peroxidation of lipid component. According to FAO
(2001), environmental factors during storage predispose the feeds to undergo microbial spoilage. Toxins
producing fungi are also found in stored feeds, most of them producing aflatoxins, patulins, and trichotecens
which are strongly carcinogenic, mutagenic and dangerous. Aflatoxins are chemicals produced by fungi as
Aspergilus flavus
and
A. parasiticus
(mould), (Russo and Yanong, 2006).
The occurrence of these microbial strains in fish feed has been reported to depend on the storage conditions of the
feed (Zmyslowska, 2000). Manufactured feeds are stored under different storage conditions by commercial fish
feed sellers and farmers without respect to the effect of these conditions on the nutrient profiles of the feeds. The
general rule for the preservation of feed is to store them in a dry, well-ventilated area that can offer some
protection from rapid changes in temperature, (Jantrarotai and Lovell, 1990). In the tropics where climatic
conditions are harsh, storage of fish feeds to ensure less nutritional deterioration and shelf life longevity is often a
problem, hence, different methods have been developed by different group based on what is best suitable in the
various localities (Adaga, 2014). Researches on the nutritional profile of feed under different storage conditions
