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International Journal of Aquaculture, 2014, Vol.4, No.08
http://ija.sophiapublisher.com
48
Research Article Open Access
Growth Performance of Nile Tilapia (
Oreochromis niloticus
) Fed Processed
Soybean Meal Based Diets Supplemented With Phytase
S. E. Olusola
1, 2
, L.C. Nwanna
2
1. Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries Management, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
2. Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture Technology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
Corresponding author email
International Journal of Aquaculture, 2014, Vol.4, No.08 doi: 10.5376/ija.2014.04.0008
Received: 24 Dec., 2013
Accepted: 28 Jan., 2014
Published: 12 Mar., 2014
Copyright © 2014
Olusola and Nwanna, This is an open access article published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits
unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Preferred citation for this article
:
Olusola and Nwanna, 2014, Growth Performance of Nile Tilapia (
Oreochromis niloticus
) Fed Processed Soybean Meal Based Diets Supplemented With
Phytase, International Journal of Aquaculture, Vol.4, No.08: 48-54 (doi: 10.5376/ija.2014.04.0008)
Abstract
An 8-week feed trial was conducted in glass tanks (60×30×30cm) to assess the performance of fingerlings Nile Tilapia
(
Oreochromis niloticus
) fed diets containing soybean meals processed by toasting and incubation methods. Six diets were formulated
at 30% crude protein content with 0 (control), 2,000 units, 4,000 units, 6,000 units, 8,000 units and 10,000 units phytase/kg diet
making diet/treatments. Each treatment was replicated twice, each replicate contained 15 fish (6.23
0.1g). Fish were fed twice daily
at 5% of their body weight. Mean Weight Gain (MWG), Specific Growth Rate (SGR), Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) and Protein
Efficiency Ratio (PER) were measured. Temperature, Dissolved oxygen and pH were determined using standard methods. Data were
analyzed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA at p= 0.05. Results showed that fish fed diet 5 (8,000 units phytase/kg diet) had the
best growth and nutrient utilization indices while fish fed the control diet (0 unit phytase/kg diet) had the poorest. The SGR, FCR and
PER of the group of fish fed diets with 0, 2,000, 4,000, 6,000 and 10,000 units phytase/kg diet were not significantly difference (p >
0.05), while the SGR, FCR and PER of fishes fed diet with 8,000 units phytase/kg diet were significantly (p < 0.05) better than those
of the fishes fed other diets. The values of temperature, dissolved oxygen and pH were closely related and were within the range for
fish culture in the tropics. The results suggest that phytase inclusion in the diet of
O. niloticus
could be a potential and promising
dietary supplementation that would positively influence growth and water quality of
O. niloticus
in aquaculture.
Keywords
Oreochromis niloticus
; Soybean; Performance; Phytase; Water quality
Introduction
The main goals of aquaculture industry are to optimize
growth and to produce high quality fish (Bello
et al
.,
2012). Aquaculture has evolved as the fastest growing
food producing sector and developed as important
component in food security (Ibrahem
et al
., 2010).
Fish is a high quality food containing first class
protein and nutrients, important for human health
and growth (Olaifa
et al
., 2010). In fish culture,
supplementary feeding plays major roles in
determining the nutritional and economic success of
aquaculture.
Feed formulations account for more than 50% of the
total production cost in modern intensive aquaculture
(Ibrahem
et al
., 2010). Increasing feed efficiency
especially by improving the metabolic assimilation of
dietary nutrients, is of high priority in contemporary
animal production (Ibrahem
et al
., 2010). The
aquaculture feed industry relies on the fishmeal, which
is the most preferred protein source for fish feed
owing to excellent amino acid and fatty acid profile.
Limited supply, high cost and stagnant production
level restrict its use for sustainable farming (New and
Wijkstro¨m, 2002, Baruah
et al
., 2004). The
replacement of fishmeal with extensively available
plant or grain by-products is getting increasing
attention for the development of low-cost fish feed
(Carter and Hauler, 2000; Gatlin
et al
., 2007). Of all
the plant protein feedstuffs, soybean meal is considered
to be the most nutritious and it is being used as a
protein source in many fish diets (Lovell, 1988).
Tilapia belong to the Cichlidae, the family
Cichlidae is very diverse and widely distributed
throughout Africa, South America and other parts of
the world. They are substrate spawners that guard
the developing eggs, fry and are generally
herbivorous of between 7 – 16 gill - rakers on the
lower part of the first arch. Nile Tilapia (
Oreochromis
niloticus
) is one of many economical freshwater
fishes that are cultured in Nigeria and other parts of