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Medicinal Plant Research 2014, Vol.4, No.6, 46
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http://mpr.biopublisher.ca
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Constituents
Trans-Anethole, fenchone, methylchavicol, limonene,
α-pinene, camphene, β-pinene, β-myrcene, α-phellandrene,
3-carene, camphor, cis-anethole, 1,8-cineole, 3-carene,
5-methoxypsoralen, 8-methoxypsoralen, Alanine,
Alpha-pinene, Alpha-terpinene, Alpha-terpineol,
Alpha-thujene, Alpha-phellandrene, Aluminum,
Anisaldehyde, Anisic-acid, Anisic-ketone, Apiole,
Arachidates, Arginine, Ascorbic-acid, Aspartic-acid,
Avicularin, Benzoic-acid, Bergapten, Beta-phellandrene,
Beta-carotene, Beta-sitosterol, Beta-pinene, Boron,
Caffeic-acid, Calcium, Camphene, Camphor,
Ceryl-alcohol, Choline, Chromium, Cinnamic-acid,
Cis-anethole, Cis-ocimene, Citric-acid, Cobalt,
Columbianetin Copper, Cynarin, Cystine, D-limonene,
Dianethole, Dillapiol, Dipentene, EO, Estragole,
Fenchone, Fenchyl-alcohol, Ferulic-acid, Fumaric-acid,
Gamma- terpinene, Gamma-tocotrienol, Gentisic-acid,
Glutamic-acid, Glycine, Glycollic- acid, Histidine,
Imperatorin, Iodine, Isoleucine, Isopimpinellin,
Isoquercitrin, Kaempferol, Kaempferol-3-arabinoside,
Kaempferol-3-glucuronide, L-limonene, Limonene,
Linalool, Linoleic-acid, Magnesium, Malic-acid,
Manganese, Marmesin, Methionine, Methyl-chavicol,
Myrcene, Myristicin, Nickel,O-coumaric-acid,
Oleic-acid, Osthenol, P-cymene, P-hydroxybenzoic-acid,
P-coumaric-acid, P-hydroxycinnamic-acid, Palmitic-acid,
Pectin, Petroselinic-acid, Phenylalanine, Phosphorus,
Photoantheole, Potassium, Proline, Protocatechuic-acid,
Psoralen, Quercetin, Quercetin-3-l-arabinoside,
Quercetin-3-arabinoside, Quercetin-3-glucuronide,
Quinic-acid, Riboflavin, Rutin, Sabinene, Scoparone,
Scopoletin, Selenium, Serine, Seselin, Shikimic-acid,
Silicon, Sinapic-acid, Stigmasterol, Stigmasterol-palmitate,
Syringic-acid, Tartaric-acid, Terpinen-4-ol, Terpinolene,
Thiamin, Threonine, Tin, Tocopherol, Trans-ocimene,
Trans-anethole Trans-1,8-terpin, Trigonelline, Tryptophan,
Tyrosine, Umbelliferone, Urease, Valine, Vanillic-acid,
Vanillin, Xanthotoxin, Zinc (Lawrence, 1994; Bernath
et al., 1996; Simandi et al., 1999; Ozcan et al., 2001).
Pharmacology
A). Antifungal activity
The influence of different hydrodistillation conditions
was evaluated from the standpoint of essential oil
yield, chemical composition and antifungal activity
from seeds of
F. vulgare
Mill. Three hydrodistillation
conditions were considered. The main constituents of
the oils were: (E)-anethole (72.27%~74.18%), fenchone
(11.32%~16.35%) and methyl chavicol (3.78%~
5.29%). The method of distillation significantly
effected the essential oil yield and quantitative
composition, although the antifungal activity of the
oils against some fungi was only slightly altered
(Mimica-Dukid et al., 2003).
The chemical composition of the flower and unripe
and ripe fruits from fennel (bitter) (
F. vulgare
ssp.
piperitum) has been examined by gas chromatography
and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The main
identified components of the flower and unripe and
ripe fruit oils were estragole (53.08%, 56.11%, and
61.08%), fenchone (13.53%, 19.18%, and 23.46%),
and alpha-phellandrene (5.77%, 3.30%, and 0.72%),
respectively. Minor qualitative and major quantitative
variations for some compounds of essential oils were
determined with respect to the different parts of
F.
vulgare
. The oils exerted varying levels of antifungal
effects on the experimental mycelial growth of
Alternaria alternata, Fusarium oxysporum
, and
Rhizoctonia solani.
The 40 ppm concentrations of
fennel oils showed inhibitory effect against mycelial
growth of A. alternaria, whereas 10 ppm levels were
ineffective. The analyses show that fennel oils
exhibited different degrees of fungistatic activity
depending on the doses (Ozcan et al., 2006). The
influence of different hydrodistillation conditions was
evaluated from the standpoint of essential oil yield,
chemical composition and antifungal activity from
seeds of
F. vulgare
. Three hydrodistillation conditions
were considered. The main constituents of the oils
were: (E)-anethole (72.27%~74.18%), fenchone
(11.32%~16.35%) and methyl chavicol (3.78%~
5.29%). The method of distillation significantly
effected the essential oil yield and quantitative
composition, although the antifungal activity of the oils
against some fungi was only slightly altered (Mimica
et al., 2003).
B). Antibacterial activity
Essential oils were extracted from the fruits of
Coriandrum sativum
L. and
F. vulgare
and assayed in
vitro for antibacterial activity to
Escherichia coli
and