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International Journal of Horticulture 2014, Vol.4, No.6, 24
-
31
http://ijh.sophiapublisher.com
24
Research Report Open Access
Phytochemical Screening and Effectiveness of
Alstonia boonei
De Wild oils as an
Entomocides in the Management of Cowpea Bruchid,
Callosobruchus maculatus
(Fab.) [Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae].
Kayode David Ileke
1
, Olusola Olasunmbo Odeyemi
2
, Michael Olufemi Ashamo
2
1. Department of Environmental Biology and Fisheries, Faculty of Science, Adekunle Ajasin University, PMB 001, Akungba Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria.
2. Food Storage Technology Programme, Department of Biology, School of Science, Federal University of Technology, PMB 704, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria.
Corresponding author email: kayodeileke@yahoo.com;
Authors
International Journal of Horticulture, 2014, Vol.4, No.6 doi: 10.5376/ijh.2014.04.0006
Received: 05 Mar., 2014
Accepted: 25 Mar., 2014
Published: 28 Mar., 2014
Copyright
© 2014 Ileke et al. This is an open access article published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution,
and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Preferred citation for this article
:
Ileke et al., 2014, Phytochemical Screening and Effectiveness of
Alstonia boonei
De Wild oils as an Entomocides in the Management of Cowpea Bruchid,
Callosobruchus maculatus
(Fab.) [Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae], International Journal of Horticulture, 2014, Vol.4, No.6 24-31 (doi:
10.5376/ijh.2014.04.0006)
Abstract
Oils prepared from
Alstonia boonei
De Wild were tested as entomocide in the management of cowpea bruchid,
Callosobruchus
maculatus
(Fab.) [Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae].
The oil of
A. boonei
stem bark
had the highest mortality of 100% after 4 days of
application at all level of concentrations tested. The survival of the cowpea bruchid from egg to adult when treated with the plant oils
showed significantly greater mortality. Oils of the tested plant were toxic to adult insects and also prevent adult emergence of
C.
maculatus
. The phytochemicals present in the petroleum ether extracts of
A. boonei
leaf, stem bark and root were identical. Flavonoids is
absent in
A. boonei
leaf and root but present in
A. boonei
stem bark and this may be responsible for it high insecticidal property. The
effectiveness of the plant could be arranged in this order of efficacy thus; stem bark oil>leaf oil>root oil.
Keywords
Callosobruchus maculate
; Adult emergenc; Soxhlet extraction; Entomocide;
Alstonia boonei
; Phytochemicals
Introduction
Cowpea (
Vigna unguiculata
(L.) walp), is an important
food legume widely distributed throughout the tropics
and sub tropics (Uarrota, 2010), especially in
sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, and Central and South
America (Singh et al., 1997). The cowpea is a principal
source of protein for the rural and urban people to
combat malnutrition in young children in lieu of
expensive protein source such as meat, egg and fish
(Ileke et al., 2013). Cowpea feeds millions of people in
the developing world with annual world production
estimated at 4.5 million metric tonnes on 12 to 14 million
hectares (Diouf, 2011).
One major problem encountered during storage of farm
products is insect pest infestation (Adedire et al., 2011).
This often leads to loss in both quality and quantity of
the products (Ogunleye, 2000; Ojo and ogunleye, 2013a;
2013b; Ileke et al., 2013a). The Cowpea bruchid,
Callosobruchus maculatus
, is a major post harvest
insect pest of grain legumes under storage conditions
(Gbaye and Holloway, 2011). The larvae bore into the
seeds which becomes unsuitable for human
consumption, and loose it viability (Taylor, 1981).
The most effective insect pest control measure is the use
of synthetic chemical insecticides. The continued and
intensive usage of these insecticides has produced some
undesirable toxic effects on man handling them and also
on non-target biotic components of the ecosystem (Ojo
and Ogunleye, 2013b). Other potential difficulties are
the limited efficacy in warm-humid climates and the
development of resistant pest populations. In a reaction
to this problem, entomologists all over the world have
resorted to testing available and environmentally
friendly botanicals for this purpose (Isman, 2006).
Several botanicals have been screened for insecticidal
activities. These include among others:
Zanthozylum
zanthoxyloides
,
Nicotiana tabacum
,
Eugenia aromatica
,
Azadirachta indica
and
Dennetias tripetela
(Ogunleye et
al., 2004; Adedire et al., 2011; Ojo and Ogunleye,
2013b). As part of the quest for an alternative to
synthetic chemical insecticides, research efforts are
currently being focused on the use of plant products,