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International Journal of Horticulture 2014, Vol.4, No.13, 64
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Co., Oregon, USA) on six randomly selected stems
from each treatment. Pre-dawn xylem water potential
was measured between 06.00 and 07.00 am while
mid-day xylem water potential was measured between
12:00 noon and 1:00 pm.
4.4 Leaf chlorophyll andmineral content determination
Leaf total chlorophyll was extracted with 80% acetone
following the method of Arnon (1949) and calculated
with the formula: (20.2×D
645
+8.02×D
663
)×(50/1000)×
(100/5)×½, where D=absorbance. Soil physicochemical
parameters and plant nutrient content were assayed
following the standard methods of the Association of
Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC, 1985) in the
Central Laboratory of The National Institute for Oil
Palm Research (NIFOR), Nigeria.
4.5 Necrosis and visual ratings determination
Necrotic damage was estimated on the leaves used for
the determination of moisture content following the
method described by Hwang & Chen (1995). The area
of leaf tissue with necrotic damage was measured
using a dot grid and expressed as the percentage of
total leaf area showing necrosis (Griffiths & Orians,
2003; Griffiths et al., 2006). Visual ratings were
conducted by six observers based on foliage
appearance, with 1 = no green foliage, 2= 25% green
foliage, 3=50% green foliage, 4=75% green foliage
and 5= all green foliage (Scheiber et al., 2008).
Although quality standards differ, researchers deem
ratings of 1 and 2 as unacceptable, 3 as marginally
acceptable, and ratings of 4 and 5 as acceptable in
most professionally maintained landscape situations
(Scheiber et al., 2008).
4.6 Statistical analysis
Data were subjected to single factor ANOVA and
means were separated with Tukey Honest Significant
Difference (HSD) test using SPSS version 17.0
software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) at P<0.05.
Acknowledgements
Dr O. F. Olotuah and Dr. O. A. Obembe, Department of Plant
Science and Biotechnology, Adekunle Ajasin University,
Akungba Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria are appreciated for
reading and provision of valuable suggestions that improved
the quality of the manuscript. Mr Okerenwogba M. B. Mr
Joseph Jack Udoh and Mr Omoruyi Efe, Research Laboratories
of the National Institute for Oil Palm Research (NIFOR)
Nigeria are appreciated for their support during soil and
phyto-analyses.
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